Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

– The study of the function of body parts individually and together as systems

Question 3

5 Topics within Anatomy

Answer 3

Gross, microscopic, developmental, pathological, radiographic

Question 4

3 Topics within gross anatomy

Answer 4

regional, systemic, surface

Question 5

Regional anatomy

Answer 5

anatomical organization “head, neck”

Question 6

Systemic anatomy

Answer 6

structure off specific systems “nervous system”

Question 7

2 Topics within microscopic anatomy

Answer 7

cytology and histology

Question 8

Cytology

Answer 8

study of cells

Question 9

Histology

Answer 9

study of tissues

Question 10

1 Topic within developmental anatomy

Answer 10

embryology

Question 11

Embryology

Answer 11

“study of first 8 wks of development”

Question 12

Pathological anatomy

Answer 12

structural changes associated with disease (ex, from gross to microscopic)

Question 13

Radiographic anatomy

Answer 13

“visualized with x-rays”

Question 14

9 Topics within Physiology

Answer 14

bone/connective tissue

muscular tissue

neurophysiology

cardiovascular

renal

pulmonary

gastrointestinal

reproductive

other organ and organ systems

Question 15

Function is upon structure

Answer 15

dependent

Question 16

Structure is _________ to meet the functional requirement

Answer 16

tailored

Question 17

7 Levels of Structural Organization

Answer 17

Chemical:

• Subcellular:
• Cellular:
• Tissue:
• Organ:
• Organ System:
• Organismal:

Question 18

Structural organization (pdf)

Answer 18

Question 19

The 8 necessary functions for survival

Answer 19

– Maintain boundaries

– Movement

– Responsiveness

– Digestion

– Metabolism

– Excretion

– Reproduction*

– Growth

Question 20

• Nutrients: chemicals for _________ production (fuels), cell building, and the proper internal environment (ions and salts)

Answer 20

energy

Question 21

Oxygen: required for efficient __________ production

Answer 21

energy, you can make energy anaerobically but oxygen boosts production

Question 22

Water: provides the correct internal environment for __________ reactions and as a medium for ____________ and ____________

Answer 22

Water: provides the correct internal environment for chemical reactions and as a medium for secretions and excretions

Question 23

Normal body temperature: required for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining _______

Answer 23

Normal body temperature: required for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

Question 24

Atmospheric pressure: must be in the appropriate range for proper _____ _____________ to occur in the lungs

Answer 24

Atmospheric pressure: must be in the appropriate range for proper gas exchange to occur in the lungs

Question 25

How are oxygen and nutrients distributed to places?

Answer 25

by blood

Question 26

Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the

Answer 26

**urinary and *respiratory* systems**

Question 27

Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a relatively constant environment in the face of __________ and __________ changes

Answer 27

Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a relatively constant **internal** environment in the face of **internal** and **external** changes

Question 28

Internal environment is in a

Answer 28

dynamic state of equilibrium

Question 29

Homeostatis is maintained by the combined effects and interaction of

Answer 29

internal regulatory systems

Question 30

What are the 3 interdependent homeostatic control mechanisms?

Answer 30

receptor, control center, effector

Question 31

(Homeostatic control mechanisms) The is the parameter which is being regulated

Answer 31

variable ex: glucose concentration

Question 32

receptor

Answer 32

sensor that monitors things happening / sends information to the control center

Question 33

control center

Answer 33

knows that status of what's being studied ex: neurons connected to control center / receives info from the receptor

Question 34

effector

Answer 34

raises or lowers something (fixes the problem) ex: make the heart beat harder

Question 35

Homeostatic control mechanisms balance diagram

Answer 35

Question 36

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are what?

Answer 36

Negative feedback loops

Question 37

negative feedback loops

Answer 37

Negative feedback causes the variable to change in the **opposite** direction

Question 38

What is the goal of negative feedback?

Answer 38

to limit the magnitude of the change in the variable ex: maintenance of normal body temperature

Question 39

Negative feedback loops (diagram)

Answer 39

Question 40

There are very few control mechanisms that are what?

Answer 40

positive feedback loops

Question 41

Positive feedback activates events that are ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Positive feedback activates events that are **self-perpetuating**

Question 42

Most positive feedback loops are not involved in what?

Answer 42

homeostasis

Question 43

Examples of positive feedback loops?

Answer 43

reguation of blood clotting uterine contractions during childbirth

Question 44

Positive feedback loop (diagram)

Answer 44

Question 45

Disturbance of homeostasis (the body’s normal equilibrium) causes most what?

Answer 45

disease

Question 46

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms can cause destructive _______________ feedback mechanisms to take over (i.e., heart failure)

Answer 46

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms can cause destructive **positive** feedback mechanisms to take over (i.e., heart failure)

Question 47

What is the anatomical position? (reference frame)

Answer 47

Human body erect – Arms at sides – Palms forward – Feet together

Question 48

superior/inferior

Answer 48

up, toward hear, down, toward feet

Question 49

anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal)

Answer 49

front, back

Question 50

medial, lateral, and intermediate

Answer 50

toward or at the midline of the body away from the midline of the body between a medial and lateral position

Question 51

proximal / distal

Answer 51

Proximal– closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal– away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 52

Superficial / deep

Answer 52

closer to surface, closer to the core

Question 53

What are the 2 regional anatomical terms?

Answer 53

axial, appendicular

Question 54

axial includes what?

Answer 54

head, neck, and trunk

Question 55

appendicular includes what?

Answer 55

appendages (limbs)

Question 56

Humans vary slightly in both what?

Answer 56

internal and external anatomy

Question 57

Why do humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy?

Answer 57

nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place small muscles may be missing

Question 58

dorsal cavities diagram

Answer 58

Question 59

ventral cavities diagram

Answer 59

Question 60

What is the name of the membrane that covers the inner walls of the body cavities and outer surfaces of organs

Answer 60

serosa, serous membranes

Question 61

what are the three types of serosa

Answer 61

parietal, visceral, serous

Question 62

parietal serosa

Answer 62

lines internal body walls

Question 63

visceral serosa

Answer 63

covers the internal body walls

Question 64

serous fluid

Answer 64

separates the serosae and provides lubrication (reduces *friction*)