Chapter 1

Question 1

A drop of water, first to observe living microbes & discovered bacteria through his homemade single-lens microscope….{A.v.Lee}

Answer 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

Who developed a taxonomic system? A system naming plants & animals and grouping similar organisms together?…{C.L}

Answer 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 3

The only type of microbes not described by Leeuwenhoek are?

Answer 3

Viruses

Question 4

Is a prokaryotic; meaning they lack a nuclei….their genes are not surrounded by a membrane.

Answer 4

Bacteria & archaea.

Question 5

Who lacks cell walls and composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan.

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

The cell walls of BLANK lack peptidoglycan & instead are composed of other chemicals.

Answer 6

Archaea ——>found in extreme environments (oxygen-depleted mud at bottom of swamps) Do not cause diseases.

Question 7

Who is smaller than eukaryotic cells? They live singly or in pairs, chains, or clusters. Their habitat contains a lot of moisture.

Answer 7

Bacteria & archaea

Question 8

Contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.

Answer 8

Eukaryotic

Question 9

Who obtains their food from other organisms? They have cell walls & are eukaryotic.

Answer 9

Fungi

Question 10

God father of micro? Conducted experiment to prove maggots & flies did not arise spontaneously….{R}

Answer 10

Redi

Question 11

Multicellular that grow long filaments. Reproduce sexual & asexual spores. They can produces new individual without fusing with one another.

Answer 11

Molds

Question 12

Unicellular & oval to round. They produces asexually by budding. Sometimes produce sexual spores.

Answer 12

Yeast

Question 13

Single-celled eukaryotes. Live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts where they can cause disease.

Answer 13

Protozoa

Question 14

Unicellular & multicellular. Make their own food from carbon dioxide & water using energy from sunlight.

Answer 14

Algae

Question 15

Could not been seen until electron microscope was invented. They are acellular (not composed of cells)

Answer 15

Viruses

Question 16

Advocate of (S.G) boiled seed infusions & mutton gravy flasks which were then sealed. Saw microorganisms some days later in the infusions. It was obvious it got contaminated with microbes from the air…..{Née}

Answer 16

Needham

Question 17

Who contradicted Needham findings?

Answer 17

Spallanzani’s —–people still believed Needham but later Louis Pasteur finally laid the theory of Spontaneous generation to rest!

Question 18

Lived by this motto: Work,Will,Success, fill human existence. Repeated the Needham/Spallanzani’s experiment. Sealed flask, bent their neaks into S-shape which allowed air to enter while preventing dust/microbes.

Answer 18

Pasteur

Question 19

Cloudiness indicates what?

Answer 19

Presence of living organisms.

Question 20

Observations, a question, hypothesis(potential answer to the question), design/conduct a experiment to test hypothesis, results of experiment leads to accept,rejects or modifies the hypothesis. Then theory or law.

Answer 20

Scientific method

Question 21

Organisms that can live with or without oxygen is called? Who discovered this?…{Pa}

Answer 21

Facultative anaerobes…….Pasteur, conducted serious of observations & experiments that answered “What causes fermentation?” (Grape juice & yeast)

Question 22

Because of this person in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products. Today pasteurization is used routinely on milk to eliminate pathogens that cause diseases. Eliminates pathogens in juices & beverages….. {Pa}

Answer 22

Pasteur

Question 23

Who explained the chemical explanation by showing that fermentation DOES NOT require living cells? Demonstrated the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions….{Ed.B}

Answer 23

Edward Buchner

Question 24

Who modified the scientific method and proved that a given pathogen caused a specific disease? …{RK}

Answer 24

Robert Koch

Question 25

Who studied "anthrax" ? And then began to study bacterial colonies on solid surfaces. Use to smear specimens onto a slice of potato or a gelatin medium. Now we use a gel called "agar" instead of gelatin or potato...{RK}

Answer 25

Robert Koch

Question 26

Solid medium called "gelatin" its a protein which prevents spillage it's makes it solid....{R.K}

Answer 26

Robert Koch

Question 27

Discovered anthrax? the cause of TB was a rod-shape bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Answer 27

Robert Koch

Question 28

Who passed air through "Sulfuric acid" & "Sodium hydroxide?"...{Fr.S}

Answer 28

Franz Shultze

Question 29

Who filtered air? *HINT* two scientist:)

Answer 29

Heinrich Schroder & Theodor Von Dusch

Question 30

Who discovered the Spontaneously generation theory? {P&Ty}

Answer 30

Pasteur & Tyndall

Question 31

What is a polysaccharide? A solid medium?

Answer 31

Agar

Question 32

Who discovered that enzymes were responsible for fermentation? His work led him in field of biochemistry & study of metabolism.

Answer 32

Edward Buchner

Question 33

Anthrax due to "Bacillus anthracis"

Answer 33

Robert Koch

Question 34

What is the purposes for boiling?

Answer 34

Kills bacteria

Question 35

What causes diseases? caused by germs?

Answer 35

G. Fracastoro

Question 36

Anthrax bacillus

Answer 36

Joseph Davaine

Question 37

Anthrax due to "Bacillus anthracis"?

Answer 37

Robert Koch

Question 38

Discovered, " Smallpox vaccine "

Answer 38

Jenner

Question 39

Who discovered "Cholera?" A disease of small intestine that results in watery diarrhea. Its spread by contaminated water suppy. His study was infection control and Epidemiology--->study of occurrence, distribution & spread of disease in humans.

Answer 39

John snow

Question 40

Founder of modern nursing. Who discovered a technique in nursing practice to prevent spread of infections in hospitals?

Answer 40

Florence Nightingale

Question 41

Who discovered a drug called "Salvarsan" for syphilis? And is called FATHER of chemotherapy....{P.Eh}

Answer 41

Paul Ehrlich

Question 42

Who said that contaminated hands were responsible for the spread of "puerperal fever?"

Answer 42

Holmes

Question 43

Who discovered "Chlorine solutions?" Required medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water, a substance a long used to illuminate the smell of cadavers....{Semme}

Answer 43

Semmelweis

Question 44

Who discovered "Carbolic acid?" (Phenol) to prevent surgical infections. And founder of antiseptic surgery.

Answer 44

Joseph Lister

Question 45

Who discovered spontaneous generation? Introduced pasteurization method? Contributed to the establishment of germ theory of diseases. Develop vaccines against chicken Cholera anthrax and rabies....{L.pa}

Answer 45

Louis Pasteur

Question 46

Discovered the causative agent of Pebrine disease of silkworm. Provided that fermentation was caused by the activities of microorganisms. Divided Microorganisms into aerobes & anaerobes...{L.Pa}

Answer 46

Louis Pasteur

Question 47

A Microorganism that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for growth.

Answer 47

Aerobes

Question 48

An organism that grows without air, or requires oxygen-free conditions to live.

Answer 48

Anaerobes

Question 49

Discovered the causative agents of anthrax, TB and Cholera. Discovered tuberculin. Introduced streak-plate and pour-plate method. Introduced heat-fixing and hanging-drop methods. Introduced solid medium. Established Koch's postulates....{RK}

Answer 49

Robert Koch

Question 50

1. ) A specific Microorganism is associated with a given disease. 2.) The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture. 3. ) When the microorganism is put into a healthy animal, it will cause the same disease. 4.) The microorganism can be re-isolated in pure culture But it has to be identical to the original one isolated from the sick or dead animal.

Answer 50

Koch's Postulates

Question 51

Who showed that protozoan is the cause of malaria?...{C.L}

Answer 51

Charles Laveran

Question 52

Who introduced enrichment culture? Discovered bacteria capable of converting nitrogen gas from the air into nitrate, the form of nitrogen used by plants.....{B}

Answer 52

Beijerinck

Question 53

Who discovered the tick? Texas cattle fever caused by Protozoan....{TS}

Answer 53

Theobald Smith

Question 54

Who discovered the Vaccine of yellow fever?

Answer 54

Max Theiler

Question 55

Proved in 1900 that viruses can cause diseases as yellow fever in humans. His workers died of yellow fever. yellow fever attacks liver. It was spread by a mosquito...{W.Reed}

Answer 55

Walter Reed

Question 56

Who discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) ?

Answer 56

Dmitri Ivanowski

Question 57

Who developed a very important staining technique? It's a series of dyes, leaves Microbes purple and others pink. This is a procedure that separates bacteria into large groups.

Answer 57

Christian Gram

Question 58

What is still the most widely used staining technique?

Answer 58

Gram stain

Question 59

Remember that life comes from life and that microorganism can cause diseases.

Answer 59

Pasteur & Koch proved this.

Question 60

Became the founder of antiseptic surgery and open new fields of research into antisepsis and disinfection. The man who vindicated Semmelweis. He proposed before surgery you need to disinfect first before you cut open a person...{J.L}

Answer 60

Joseph Lister

Question 61

Father of chemotherapy...{P.E}

Answer 61

Paul Ehrlich

Question 62

Injected a boy with pus collected from a milkmaid cowpox lesion, The boys developed cowpox which, of course, he survived. Then Injected the boy with smallpox plus he found that the boy had become immune to the smallpox....{E.J}

Answer 62

Edward Jenner

Question 63

Invented vaccination. Developed smallpox immunization & established a safe treatment for preventing smallpox...{E.J}

Answer 63

Edward Jenner

Question 64

The Golden age of microbiology was a time when researchers proved that living things come from living things, that micro- organisms can cause fermentation and disease, and that certain procedures and chemicals can limit, prevent and cure infectious diseases.

Answer 64

The Golden Age of Microbology.

Question 65

BLANK is the study of metabolism? --->is the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

Answer 65

Biochemistry

Question 66

Who determined that genes are contained in molecules of DNA? "3people" ---> O-C-M

Answer 66

Oswald, Colin & Maclyn.

Question 67

Who discovers penicillin?...{Al.Fl}

Answer 67

Alexander Fleming

Question 68

Who introduced sulfur drugs?...{G.D}

Answer 68

Gerhard Domagk

Question 69

electron microscope...{Ru & B}

Answer 69

Ruska & Borries

Question 70

Is a process of genetic transfer in which the DNA that is floating in environment.

Answer 70

Transformation

Question 71

White blood cells they eat microorganisms.

Answer 71

Phagocytosis ......by Ellie Metchnikoff

Question 72

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.

Answer 72

Molecular biology

Question 73

A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells.

Answer 73

Gene therapy

Question 74

Who developed laboratory techniques for isolating and growing environmentally important microbes?

Answer 74

Beijerinck & Winogradsky

Question 75

They pose a threat to human health? We examine their characteristics and the disease they cause, we take steps to limit their abundance and control their spread in the environment, Such as sewage treatment, water purification, disinfection pasteurization, and sterilization.

Answer 75

Pathogenic microbes

Question 76

How does the body defend against diseases?

Answer 76

The body can protect itself from repeated diseases by the same organism.

Question 77

The study of blood serum.

Answer 77

Serology ---> Chemicals in the liquid portion of the blood that fight disease.

Question 78

The study of the body's defense against specific pathogen.

Answer 78

Immunology

Question 79

First photomicrograph of bacteria.

Answer 79

Robert Koch

Question 80

Germ theory of disease...{L.P}

Answer 80

Louis Pasteur

Question 81

Germs cause disease....P-K-F

Answer 81

Pasteur, Koch & Fracastoro

Question 82

Sought a "magic bullet" to destroy pathogens

Answer 82

Paul Enrlich

Question 83

Early epidemiologist....demonstrated that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water supply...{J.Sn}

Answer 83

John snow

Question 84

Who is the father of microbiology?

Answer 84

Louis Pasteur

Question 85

Classification system

Answer 85

Linnaeus

Question 86

He is the Discoverer of bacteria & Protozoa.

Answer 86

Leeuwenhoek

Question 87

A concept that believes that living things come from pre-existing cells.

Answer 87

Biogenesis

Question 88

A concept that believes life originated from non-living matter spontaneously.

Answer 88

Spontaneous generation

Question 89

Cloned the first DNA using plasmids.....H-S

Answer 89

Herb & Stanley

Question 90

Developed the first recombinant DNA in a test tube....Pb

Answer 90

Paul Berg

Question 91

Discovered the first virus (tobacco mosaic virus) TMV....{DI}

Answer 91

Dmitri Ivanovski

Question 92

Discovered bacteriophages....{F.T - F.D}

Answer 92

F.Twort & F.D'Herelle

Question 93

Discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis...R.K

Answer 93

Robert Koch

Question 94

Demonstrated that sealed flasks containing infusions heated for one hour showed no bacterial growth....{ALS}

Answer 94

Abbé Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 95

Introduced technique to produce monoclonal antibodies....{C.M, G.K, N.J}

Answer 95

Cesar M. , G. Kohler & Niels Jerne

Question 96

Discovered the cause of slow virus diseases....{C.G}

Answer 96

Carleton Gajdusek

Question 97

Invented compound microscope...{H & Z}

Answer 97

Hans Janssen & Zacharias

Question 98

The father of germ theory of Fermentation & Putrefaction...{TS}

Answer 98

Theodor Schwann

Question 99

Proposed that infectious diseases were caused by germs...{G.F}

Answer 99

Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 100

Who discovered microorganisms?...{A.v.Lee}

Answer 100

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 101

Proved that disinfection of obstetricians' hands with chlorine solutions could prevent the spread of puerperal fever(child fever)..{I.P.S}

Answer 101

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

Question 102

They proved that DNA was responsible for transformation...{A, M, M}

Answer 102

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty

Question 103

Discovered the molecular structure of DNA....{Wi, Cr, Fr, Wi}

Answer 103

Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins.

Question 104

Discovered transformation....{F.G}

Answer 104

Frederick Griffith

Question 105

What microscope do u use Fluorescent antibody technique 4/diagnosis?

Answer 105

Fluorescence....UV

Question 106

Microscope goes straight inside specimen....

Answer 106

Transmission Electron