Chapter 1 Flashcards
associationism
when two or more psychological stimuli become mentally ‘linked’ as result of prior experience eliciting one for the other
one elicits or stands for the other, like a name and phone number
activity in one circuit can trigger the other!
EBBINGHAUS & ARISTOTLE
Behaviorism
Mid-20th cent. school of psychological
Shift away from mental process/unobserved towards stimulus/observation–response/behavior. Assumes associations with reflex-mechanistic result
Tolman’s cognitive map in rat mazes–memory successful despite SR history
Garcia’s taste aversion–not all stimuli and not all responses equivalent
Youngs paired associates–response not correspond perfect with previous stimulus
cognitive psychology
study of mental processes: perception, attention, memory, language, higher level process
Memory arguably most important
memory
1) location where information is kept, storehouse
2) thing that holds contents of experience, as in memory trace: engram
3) mental process used to acquire (learn), store, or retrieve (remember) information
computer model
metaphor for memory most widely accepted, also known as information processing approach
builds on behaviorism by adding a manipulation process–the brain–that alters the input and output
SOR Stimulus, external phenomena–Organism, internal process–Response, overt activity
declarative memory
portion of memory that is open to conscious inspection and verbalization
explicit memory–memories easy to articulate and talk about
Divided by episodic (specific memory)-semantic (generalized memory)distinction TULVING
distributed practice
rehearsing of information into memory spread over several occasions=better memory
EBBINGHAUS
embodied cognition
mental activity does not occur in a vacuum but grounded in type of worlds our bodies inhabit and how we use our bodies in that world
thought, memory, etc. all influenced by our interactions with the world
encoding
refers to how what is going on as we acquire information: the sensory information, the attention
Encoding phase will miss lots of sensory info that it selects as unimportant
engram
Neural representation of a memory trace; the contents of experience
As engrams each memory is different mental representation both distributed & localized
LASHLEY’S RATS–lesioned rats better than control, critical factor was amount of tissue
episodic memory system
memory for the individual events of a persons experience tied to a time or place: first date
a part of declarative explicit memory–easy to articulate
autonoetic–requires knowledge of self
Ernst Weber
Just Noticeable Differences JND–research in change necessary for people to notice difference in energy
Hearing test–when does physical energy become different enough to percieve
Donders
Mental chronometry–measuring time course of mental processes with reaction time studies
Work implied:
we can study mental process with a scientific method
we can quantify environment to the mental experience
Ebbinghaus
invented nonsense syllable as learning stimulus
invented method of savings
documented leaning curve & forgetting curve
documented advantage of distributed over mass practice
documented advantage of overlearning
documented advantage of repetition
Savings
difference between amount of effort required on subsequent learning and prior learning attempts
EBBINGHAUS
leaning curve
negatively accelerated function which most of learning occurs in first period, less and less learned with each period
EBBINGHAUS
forgetting curve
1st demonstrated that retention percentage vs retention interval, most is forgot after during initial period, less and less forgotten with each period
EBBINGHAUS
