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SPA 330 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Specialized elongated extremely irritable. Muscle contracts in response to the electrochemical stimuli provided by the nervous system.

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2
Q

Motor unit

A

Produces muscle action.

Consist of a nerve cell and all the muscle Iberia served by the nerve cell

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3
Q

Nerve cell

A

Axon - nerve cell process divides into
Axon fibrils then terminate in the form of
Muscle ends plates which are in direct contact with the muscle fibers

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4
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Latent period - interval between the onset of stimulus and onset of contraction

Contraction period - returns to previous relaxed state

Refractory period - chemical phase that restores the muscle to its normal resting state.

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5
Q

Innervation ratio

A

High innervation ratio = many muscle fibers to few nerve cells. Execute crude movements with large muscle contractions

Low innervation ratio - few muscle fibers to many nerve cells - smaller contractions with finer control

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6
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Fluid tissues. 10% of the body. Transport food and oxygen to the living cells of the body and take wast materials generated by cellular activity. They distribute heat and defend the body against disease. Fluids remain consistent due to the circulatory system which is the lungs thorax and the left and right ventricles.

Blood

Lymph

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7
Q

Vascular tissue - blood

A

Contains corpuscles (cells) and platelets which are separated by a fluid intercellular substance called blood plasma

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8
Q

Vascular tissue - lymph

A

Immediate nutrient of the tissue, colorless, watery looking liquid , contains cells called lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues combined and show unity. Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function

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10
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells that compose the essential structures of an organ

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11
Q

Systems - 11 of them

A 
Skeletal
Articular
Muscular
Digestive
Vascular
Nervous
Respiratory
Urinary
Generative and reproduction 
Endocrine
Integumentary
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12
Q

Myofibrils

A

Delicate filaments muscle fibers are composed of that contain long protein molecules called myosin and actin

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13
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

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14
Q

Different parts of anatomy

A 
Descriptive
Regional
Applied
Microscopic
Developmental
Geriatric
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15
Q

Speech pathologists are interested in what type of anatomy

A

Regional of the head and neck

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16
Q

Physiology

A

The science that deals with the function of living organisms or their parts

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17
Q

Different types of physiology

A 
Animal
Applied
Cellular
Experimental
Pathological
General
Special
Vegetable
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18
Q

-arthrodial

A

Joint

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19
Q

Bi

A

Two or double

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20
Q

Cellular

A

Related to the cell

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21
Q

Chondrium

A

Related to cartilage

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22
Q

Cyto-

A

Pertaining to a cell

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23
Q

Endo-

A

Toward the interior

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24
Q

Epi-

A

Upon or above

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25
Extra-
Outside of
26
Inter-
Between
27
Intra-
Within
28
Meatus
An opening
29
Meso
Middle or intermediate
30
Micro-
Small size
31
-mysium
Pertains to muscle
32
Os
Bone
33
-osteum
Pertains to the bone
34
Peri-
Around
35
-plasm
Cellular substance
36
Proto
First
37
Uni-
One or single
38
Anatomical state
The living body, standing erect, facing the observer, eyes front, arms a that side with the palms of the hand and the tips of the feet directed forward.
39
Anterior
Toward the front or away from the back Usually used with reference to the free extremities or the head, sometimes call ventral
40
Posterior
Toward the back or away from the front This term is used with reference to free extremities or the head, sometimes called dorsal
41
Superior
Upper; as distinct from superficial.
42
Inferior
Lower; as distinct from deep
43
Cranial or rostral
Toward the head, sometimes called rostral
44
Caudal
Toward the tail, away from the head, usually restricted to the trunk
45
Internal
Toward the inner surface Usually used to describe the body cavities or the body wall. Sometimes call deep
46
External
Toward the outer surface. Most often used to describe body cavities or the body wall. Sometimes called superficial.
47
Medial
Toward the axis or midline
48
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
49
Proximal
Toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity.
50
Distal
Away from the body or the root of a free extremity
51
Dorsal
Toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
52
Ventral
Away from the backbone or toward the front of the body
53
Prone
Laying on stomach with palms up
54
Supine
Laying on back with palms down
55
Sagittal plane
Vertical or longitudinal cut Divides body into right and left halves Also call mid sagittal if exactly cut at the midline, Dividing body into equal halves, if not equal halves, called sagittal
56
Frontal plane
Coronal Passes through the he body, dividing it into front and back. Also considered vertical or longitudinal Divides from front and back
57
Horizontal plane
Transverse or cross sectional Cutting across the body and dividing it into upper and lower halves or sections. Superior and inferior.
58
Cells
Highly organized masses of protoplasm We call it life
59
How do we determine of a living cell
``` Irritability Growth Spontaneous movement Metabolism Reproduction ```
60
Hoe long do cells live
Nervous system - life time Blood cells - 4 months.
61
Cells protoplasm
Basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells.
62
Two parts of a cell
Nucleus and cytoplasm
63
Nucleus of the cell
Usually speroidal or elongated; conforms to the general shape of the cell control center of the cell Surrounded by a nuclear envelope - endoplasmic reticulum which seems to be continuous with the cell membrane. Ground substance of the nucleus contains chromatin which consists of DNA. DNA contributes to the formation of chromosomes during cell division and responsible for transmission of genetic traits Contains the nucleous - houses ribosomes (necessary for protein biosynthesis.
64
Cytoplasm of the cell
Consist of 70-85% water and 20% protein, fluid outside of the nucleus Controls the exchange of certain molecules and ions between the cell and its environment
65
Cell parts
``` Plasma membrane Organelles Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes Microtubules Microfilm nets Centrioles. ```

SPA 330 (2 decks)

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