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Organ Histology Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

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2
Q

General functions of Epithelium

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provide a barrier

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3
Q

Specialized functions of epithelium

A

transport of molecules across epithelium
prevent transport of materials (selective permeability)
Sensory (taste buds, retina)

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4
Q

Basic Characteristics of Epithelium

A
  1. Cells are adjacent to each other
  2. Associated with complete or partial basement membrane
  3. Avascular, obtains nutrition by diffusion
  4. Associated with vascular connective tissue
  5. Cells held together by cell junctions
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5
Q

Compele basement membrane components

A 
Basal lamina (from epithelium) 
Reticular lamina (from fibroblasts in CT)
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6
Q

Partial basement membrane components

A

basal lamina only

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7
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A
  1. provides surface for epithelial cell attachment
  2. molecular filter- very limited
  3. limits stretch
  4. directs migration of cells (healing)
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8
Q

Functions of vascular connective tissue

A
  1. provides nutrition

2. source of defensive cells

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9
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens
Gap Junctions

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10
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

aka Tight Junction

involves the sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins (interacting proteins) between adjacent cells

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11
Q

Function of Zonula Occludens

A
  1. Provides strong attachment

2. Prevents the passage of materials between cells

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12
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

aka Adhesion belt
Consists of:
1. cadherins (linkage proteins between cells)
2. marginal bands (microfilaments) that attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane

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13
Q

Functions of Zonula Adherens

A
  1. strong attachment

2. Provides cell structural stability

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14
Q

Macula Adherens

A

contains:
transmembrane proteins
protein plaque
Tonofilaments

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15
Q

Macula Adherens function

A

provides strong attachment

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16
Q

Gap junctions

A

6 connexins arranged in a cylinder
size of the openings controlled by the cell
Connexon = 1 complete structure

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17
Q

Gap Junction function

A

strong attachment

transport materials between cells

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18
Q

Junctional Complex

A

free edge
Zonula occuldens
Zonula adherens
Macula Adherens

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19
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

help connect epithelial cells to basal lamina

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20
Q

Focal Point Contacts

A

Integrin (transmembrane protein) binds to structural CT glycoproteins and connects to cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Bullous Pemphigoid

A

Autoimmune skin disease that causes large blisters that burst but Heal
Cause: antibodies bind to proteins in hemidesmosomes

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22
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

Autoimmune skin disease causes blisters that Don’t Heal. Can be fatal
Cause: antibodies bind to parts of desmosomes

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23
Q

Cholera

A

Acute bacterial infection of small intestines
Cause: toxins disrupt proteins in zonula occludens, permiting the loss of water and electrolytes from CT below epithelium

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24
Q

Types of Simple Epithelium

A

Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

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25
Simple Squamous
single layer flattened cells ex. Lungs, parietal layer Bowman's capsule, serosa on outside of organs
26
Functions of Simple Squamous
living filter Provides a barrier Secretion
27
Simple Cuboidal
Single layer of cube shaped cells whose nucleus occupies much of the cytoplasm ex. Exocrine ducts, thyroid follicular cells, kidney tubules
28
Functions of Simple Cuboidal
Absorption Secretion Provides a barrier
29
Simple Columnar
Single layer of cells that have height and more cytoplasm that simple cuboidal ex. stomach, small intestines, gallbladder, larger exocrine ducts
30
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar (Respiratory Epithelium)
Contains 3 cell types of various heights Ex. trachea, respiratory region of nasal cavity, bronchi
31
Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium
Goblet Cells Ciliated Columnar Cells Basal Cells
32
Goblet cells
modified columnar cell Functions to produce mucus
33
Ciliated Columnar Cells
contain cilia that are anchored to apex of cell by basal bodies Functions to move mucus over surface
34
Basal Cells
short pyramidal cells that do not reach the surface Functions as the stem cell for this type of epithelium
35
Types of Surface Specializations
Microvili Stereocilia Cilia Glycocalyx
36
Microvili
Aka: brush border of striated border Finger like projections at the apical surface o some epithelial cells ex. kindney tubule cells, small intestines
37
Microvili function
to increase surface area so as to increase absorption
38
Stereocilia
very long and more rare type of microvili. Not related to true cilia- non-motile w/ rigid actin core ex. epididymis, cochlear hair cells
39
Stereocilia Function
to increase surface area
40
Cilia
thin apical hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton - cells have many mitochondria - basal bodies block the free surface, so there is no absorption or secretion ex. trachea, oviduct
41
Cilia Function
to move something over a surface
42
Glycocalyx
surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium - produced by epithelial cells Ex. stomach and small intestine
43
Glycocalyx Function
Protection, cell recognition
44
Stratified Epithelium and types
2 or more cell layers thick, named for shape of superficial cells. All have protective function ``` Stratified Squamous Keratinized Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar Transitional (Urinary) ```
45
Stratified Squamous
multiple layers of cells that flatten superficially. Superficial layer of cells are flat and alive Ex. Esophagus, oral cavity, tongue, vagina
46
Function of Stratified Squamous
protection from abrasion in moist environment
47
Limitations of Stratified Squamous
No protection from drying | Limited thickness bc superficial cells are alive and recieve nutrition by diffusion, so protection is limited
48
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
multiple layers of cells that tend to flatten superficially. Superficial layer covered by an added nonliving layer of keratin Ex. Skin
49
Function of Keratinized Stratified Squamous
protection in a dry environment
50
Layers in epithelium of skin
``` stratum basale (germinativum) Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum Corneum ```
51
Stratum basale (germinativum)
1-2 layers of keratinocytes that are mitotic and closest to the dermis
52
Stratum Spinosum
- multiple layers of "spiny shaped" keratinocytes that produce lipids and keratohyaline vacuoles - Keratinocytes have cytokeratin tonofilaments that radiate out from the nuclear region - Thickness varies
53
Stratum Granulosum
- uppermost 2-5 layers of flattened living karatinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyaline granules - exocytosis of lipid-filled lamellar granules occurs here
54
stratum lucidum
- thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present only in thick skin - not easy to see, nucleus and organelles not present
55
Stratum corneum
- layer of dead cells, keratin and lips. Variable thickness -3 functions: prevents water loss Provides a barrier to microbes protects against abrasion
56
Keratinocytes
- typical cell type - can divide in stratum basale - produces keratins/keratohyaline granules and lipids in stratum granulosum - 28 day life span
57
Structures that contribute strength to keratinized stratified squamous
``` Epidermal pegs (rete ridges) and dermal papillae. increase surface area for attachment of epithelium to CT below ```
58
Other cell types in Keratinized stratified squamous
Melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells (epithelial tactile cells)
59
How Melanocytes function
- Keratinocytes phagocytize the cytoplasmic tips of the melanocytes contraining the melanosomes with the melanin
60
Function of Melanocytes
- protect against UV radiation | - about equal # in all humans
61
Layer location of Melanocytes
Stratum basale
62
Influencers of Skin color
- Environmental influences (UV light increases melanocyte #s and melanin - Genetics - # of blood vessels in dermis
63
How Genetic influences skin color
Eumelanin (dark) or pheomelanin (red) placement of melanin Destruction of melanin by lysosomes
64
Langerhans cells
Aka epidermal dendritic cell - recognize and process external antigens - Antigen presenting cells
65
Layer location of Langerhans cells
Stratum Spinosum
66
Merkel Cells
aka Epithelial tactile cells - provide touch receptors - associated with free nerve endings
67
Merkel cell layer location
Stratum basale
68
changes in melanocyte and Langerhans cell levels in response to UV light
Melanocyte levels increase | Langerhans cells decrease
69
Stratified Cuboidal
2 layers of cell. Flattened basal layer and cuboid superficial layer (not common) ex. larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands
70
Stratified Cuboidal Functions
increase protection | Provide a barrier
71
Stratified Columnar
2 layers of cells. Flattened to cuboid basal layer. Columnar superficial layer (very rare) ex. large ducts in pancreas, parts of male urethra, conjunctiva of eye
72
Function of Stratified Columnar
1. to increase protection 2. provide transition between epithelial types 3. Provide a barrier

Organ Histology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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