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Learning & Memory > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral approach

A
  • began in 1900s
  • reaction to phenomenology and introspection
  • goal=physiology as a science
  • only observable behavior can be measured
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2
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

-began in 1960s
-addressed failures of behavioralism
- models internal mind states
-information processing

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3
Q

Human memory issues

A

-short term vs long term
-encoding
-retrieval
-implicit vs explicit memory
-development of memory
-forgetting

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4
Q

Declarative memory

A

Conscious
Things you can remember

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5
Q

Declarative memory 1

A

Episodic
Personal stories
“I ate - for breakfast “

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6
Q

Declarative state 2

A

Semantic
General knowledge
Facts that are there

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7
Q

Procedural

A

Non conscious
Writing,breathing,walking ect

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8
Q

Procedural 1

A

Cognitive
Thinking

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9
Q

Procedural 2

A

Motor
Doing

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10
Q

Learning vs memory

A

Learning: obtaining new knowledge or behavior
Memory: storage/recall of knowledge

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11
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Relating underlying biology to cognitive structure

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12
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the brain

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13
Q

Axon

A

Passes information

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14
Q

Functional

A

Evolutionary explanation = learning mechanism is are adaptive

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15
Q

4 approaches to studying and learning

A

Behavioral, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, functional

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16
Q

Habituation

A

Your behavior at first indicates that you notice the stimulus, but since it has no significance your reaction to repetition decreases

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17
Q

Sensitized

A

Opposite of habitation, you become more aware of stimulus after recognizing it

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18
Q

Orienting response

A

Reflex to something new

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19
Q

Thomas and spencer

A

Derived a list of parametric features of habituation

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20
Q

Parametric

A

Taking one dimension of a iv and systematically varying it to map out the changes in effect
Frequency of repetition
Spontaneous recovery
Effects of repeated habituations
Spacing of stimulations
Dishabituation

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21
Q

Two categories of habituation

A

Cognitive and neuroscience

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22
Q

Habituation explanation non learner

A
  1. Habituation is due to sensory adaptation
  2. Response or affect or fatigue
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23
Q

Habituation explanation

A
  1. Sensitization the size of responses increased across repetition
    Can be described as an increase responsiveness to repeated stimulus
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24
Q

Engram

A

A word used to refer to the change that occurs in the nervous system to encode new learning

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25
Sokolov
Theory postulates a comparator mechanism which comparison the current sensory input to the model stored in memory to determine if the stim is familiar
26
Wagner and Olson
Think that a stimulus could be represented in short term memory, long term memory, or both
27
Perceptual learning
Once we learn to perceive a stimulus it us easier to learn other things about the stimulus
28
Factors that affect perceptual learning
Presenting contrasting stimulus Transferring from easy to difficult stimulus Attention and feedback
29
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness over repeated presentation only involving one stimulus
30
Classical conditioning example
Pavlov’s dog
31
Classical conditioning methods
Unconditional response: eye blink, heart rate Conditioned stimulus: buzzer, lights
32
Taste aversion
Single trial long lasting extinction (cancer patients get sick, don’t eat that food again)
33
Discrimination
Opposite of generalization; similar stimulus do not produce the cr
34
Cerebellum
Located in the lower back portion of the brain Where classical conditioning is located
35
Room-specific tolerance
If a drug is taken in a different environment then the usual , the composting response may not be evoked so the drug has full effect no matter the tolerance
36
Compensatory
Response model also addresses withdrawal systems
37
Conditioning theory
Suggest detoxification that takes place in a very different environment from drug taking environment does not extinguish the context drug association
38
Psychneuroimmunology
The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity
39
Modeling casuality learning
When a organism is being conditioned it leans cause and effect relationships among events
40
Phobia
An excessive and intensive fear
41
Instinctive theory
States that sine fears are innate reactions to stimuli
42
Characteristics of fear module
1. Responds to certain stim 2. Responding is automatic and involuntary 3. The fear response is relatively ineffective by other modules 4. There are specialized neural circuits
43
Notion of preparedness
Explains the rapidity of fear learning, is persistence
44
Learned associative bias
If you have had something happen before the experiment with the type of stimulus they are using ie already fear snakes
45
Extinction
The presentation of the cs alone
46
Systematic desensitization
The phobic stim is treated as a cs and is paired with a us that is pitiable with the fear
47
Anxiety hierarchy
Example You look at a picture of a snake Then you go into a room with a snake Then you touch the snake
48
Contiguity
Entirely mental event inferred from observation
49
Blocking
Step 1: condition the fear Step 2: continues to 2 stim The originally paired stim will have a greater reaction
50
Operant conditioning
Bigger idea than classical conditioning Learning depends on interaction w/environment Reward increases chance of behavior Punishment decreases chance of behavior
51
Operant vs instrumental
Operant: open ended, no constraints Instrumental: organism can respond only at certain opportunities
52
Thorndike
Puzzle box Pull a string -> step on platform-> turn latch -> get reward
53
Trial and error learning
Köhler apes: three boxes to get to the banana They keep trying to stack until they figure out what works
54
Insight learning
Mostly restricted to humans Humans take everything in and think before acting Animals trial and error until they get what they want
55
B.F Skinner
Pigeon guided bombs for war Skinner box; automatic food dispenser
56
Positive reinforcement
Food,physical touch, social validation
57
Shaping
How I taught Ellie to give paw, any reaction with the had gets a treat, slowly become more specific on what you want
58
Schedules of reinforcement
1. Every other time 2. Every 4 times 3. Always 4. Fixed variable 5. Randomized variable
59
What is the best schedule for reinforcement
Randomized
60
Possible contingency
1. Reward training 2. Punishment 3. Omission, extinction, time out 4. Escape, avoidance
61
Extinction
Decrease in behavior when not rewarded
62
Side effects of punishment
Conditioned fear, aggression, paradoxical rewarding
63
Watson-Mowrer theory
Theory of avoidance learning, warning signal is paired with feared, escape is reinforced by fear reduction
64
Learned helplessness
Dog in the box getting shocked Powerless to help self No release for stressful situations Cure= assertive training

Learning & Memory (2 decks)

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