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Organisational behaviour > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is organisational behaviour focused on understanding, explaining, and influencing/improving attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the four functions of managers?

A

Planning, organising, controlling, and leading

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3
Q

What does planning involve?

A

It requires the manager to evaluate an organisation’s current position and where it wants to be, so it can design strategies, actions, and resources of how to get there

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4
Q

Is organising associated with arranging resources to implement the strategy made during the planning stage?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What are the five skills required to carry out organisational roles?

A

Technical skills, human skills, emotional intelligence, conceptual skills, and human capital

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6
Q

Define human skills

A

The ability to relate to other people

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7
Q

Define conceptual skill

A

The capacity to see the organisation as a whole and understand how each part relates to one another and fits into the overall environment

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8
Q

What is human capital the sum of?

A

The sum of an employee’s skills, knowledge, experience, and general attributes

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9
Q

State two examples of intangible resources

A

It’s reputation and culture, and the trust between managers and coworkers

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10
Q

What are the three main aspects of human capital that enhances true competitive advantage?

A

Value, rareness, inimitability

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11
Q

How can value determine a competitive advantage?

A

As it is to do with the way employees work toward the strategic goals of an organisation

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12
Q

Is rareness the level of exceptional skills and talents employees possess?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What does inimitability mean?

A

The degree to which the skills and talents of employees can be emulated by other organisations

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14
Q

Are all of organisation, rareness, inimitability, and valuable needed to gain a competitive advantage?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What do we call it if valuable is not met?

A

Competitive disadvantage

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16
Q

What do we call it if rareness is not met?

A

Competitive parity

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17
Q

What do we call it if inimitability, and organisation is not met, respectively?

A

Temporary competitive advantage, and unused competitive advantage

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18
Q

What are the three competitive advantage strategies?

A

Cost leadership, differentiation, and focus or niche

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19
Q

What are the 6 steps to critical thinking?

A

Behaviour change, observe, interpret, analyse, evaluate, and explain

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20
Q

What are the 7 challenges/opportunities to do with organisational behaviour?

A

Globalisation, economic factors, workforce diversity, customer service, people skills, innovation and change, and sustainability

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21
Q

What are the three levels of analysis in organisational behaviour?

A

Individual level, group level, and organisation level

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22
Q

What does DEI stand for?

A

Diversity, equity, and inclusion

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23
Q

What is diversity in organisational behaviour?

A

Having and identifying employees across differences

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24
Q

What is equity in organisational behaviour?

A

Processes and programs are impartial, fair, and provide equal access for all

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25
What does inclusion mean in organisational behaviour?
The organisation connects with, engages, and utilises people across all differences
26
Does workplace diversity increase profits?
Yes
27
State examples of both surface-level diversity, and deep-level diversity
Surface-level: age and generational differences, and physical and mental ability. Deep-level: personality traits, and values
28
What are the five generations that are currently in the workforce and what decades do they span for?
Traditionalists: born before 1946 Baby boomers: 1946-1964 Generation X: 1965-1981 Generation Y (millennials): 1982-2000 Generation Z: 1998-2016
29
What percentage of the workforce do each of the generations make up?
Traditionalists: 1% Baby boomers: 20-22% Generation X: 30-33% Generation Y: 35-40% Generation Z: 12-15%
30
Do Gen Y (Millennials) act in an entitled way?
Yes
31
Are Gen Z regarded as disloyal?
Yes
32
What is the difference between race, and ethnicity?
Race: factors of physical appearance, and ethnicity: sociological factors such as nationality, culture, language, ancestry, etc
33
Define glass cliff
When women or ethnic minorities are given leadership positions during periods of crisis without any support
34
What does ability diversity mean?
The representation of people with different levels of mental and physical abilities within an organisation
35
What percentage of the 60 million people with a disability in the United States are unemployed?
More than 85%
36
Define intersectionality
Different types of discrimination may overlap with one another and manifest negative outcomes
37
What are concealable stigmatised identities?
Identities people hide for fear of mistreatment or discrimination
38
What does a stereotype threat mean?
The fear of confirming a negative stereotype leading to a lack of motivation, low confidence, and poor engagement
39
What is the difference between equity, and equality?
Equity: Process of ensuring that processes and programs are impartial and fair (procedural fairness). Equality: Process of ensuring everyone is given the same opportunities and resources regardless of individual need ( distributive fairness)
40
What is implicit bias?
A set of positive or negative stereotypes one may unconsciously hold toward a person/group
41
What are individual differences?
Behavioural and cognitive similarities and differences among people
42
What is essential in order to understand individual differences?
High degree of self awareness, and an awareness of others
43
Is self-concept a important part of individual differences?
Yes
44
What is self-concept and what two things is it made up of?
Helps us understand who we are and how we feel about ourselves. Two key components: self-esteem, and self-efficacy
45
Is a personality made up of stable and unique patterns of traits, characteristics, and resulting characteristics?
Yes
46
State the 6 different trait theories of personality
Carl Jung's theory, MBTI, Eysenck's personality theory, Cattell's trait theory, Big five model, HEXACO model
47
What is Carl Jung's theory?
Introversion, and extraversion
48
How many personality types does the MBTI have?
16
49
What is Eysenck's personality theory associated with?
Introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability, self-control/psychoticism
50
What does MBTI stand for?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
51
What are the four psychological preferences that combine to describe the 16 personality types?
Energy (extraversion vs introversion), information (sensing vs intuition), decision (thinking vs feeling), lifestyle (judging vs perceiving)
52
What does perceive mean?
Becoming aware of or to notice something, especially through the senses
53
What is expected from the employees with the "always on" culture?
Expected to be responsive outside their working hours
54
State 4 strategies that can be used to make work easier
Switching off, handling information overload, creating boundaries, and establishing a work/life balance
55
How many factors is in Cattell's personality factors trait theory?
16
56
What 5 factors are associated with the Big five model?
Openness to experience, conscientiousness (careful, thoughtful, and diligent), neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness
57
What is the core self-evaluation?
Appraisals that people make of their own abilities, self-worth, control, and capabilities. It includes locus of control, emotional stability, self-efficacy, and self-esteem
58
What is the locus of control?
Extent to which people believe they have influence over events. Internal locus of control: people control the events
59
What does HEXACO stand for and used for?
Honesty- humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Commonly used in talent management, leadership development, and personal coaching
60
State 5 other personality attributes
Self-monitoring, proactive personality, type a/type b, risk taking propensity, and the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism)
60
What does DiSC personality assessment tool stand for, and many people use it in a workplace every year?
Dominance, influence, conscientiousness, and steadiness. 1 million people in order to improve teamwork, communication, and productivity
61
What is perception?
The process of receiving and interpreting information from our environment
62
What are the components of the perception process?
Perceiver, environment, and focal object
63
Does the perceiver include past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing?
Yes
64
State 5examples of common perceptual distortions
Halo effect vs horn effect, primary effect, contrast effect, self-fulfilling prophecy, and impression management
65
Describe the difference between the halo effect and horn effect
Halo effect: a positive first impression that leads us to treat someone more favourably. Horn effect: the opposite
66
What is the primary effect?
The tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on
67
What is the difference between contrast effect and impression management?
Contrast effect: Unconscious bias that occurs when people compare two things rather than evaluate them individually. Impression management: The act of controlling how others perceive you, either consciously or subconsciously
68
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction that becomes true because a person's expectations cause them to act in a way to make it happen
69
What are the 5 perception/learning theories?
Attribution, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, social cognitive
70
What does the attribution theory state? What are they?
People look for two causes to explain the behaviour of others. Internal attributions: personal characteristics, and external attributions: situational factors
71
Describe the classical conditioning theory
A theory of learning that explains how people and animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a neutral response
72
How does operant conditioning theory form behaviour?
By controlling the consequences or outcome of the behaviour
73
What are the four subgroups of the reinforcement theory?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction
74
What is the difference between positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement: Positive behaviour followed by positive consequences, whereas, negative reinforcement is positive behaviour followed by removal of negative consequences
75
What is punishment?
Negative behaviour followed by negative consequences
76
What is extinction?
Negative behaviour followed by removal of positive consequences
77
What does social cognitive theory say?
We learn by observing, imitating, and modelling behaviour of others
78
What are the three major aspects of this theory?
Self efficacy, vicarious learning, and self-regulation
79
What is vicarious learning?
Learning by watching the action or behaviour of another person
80
What do affects mean in organisational behaviour?
Covers a wide range of feelings including emotions and moods
81
What are the two basic types of mood dimensions?
Positive and negative affect
82
What is emotional contagion?
When emotions experienced by one or more individuals in a work group spread to others
83
What is emotional labour?
Faking what we actually feel
84
What is the difference between surface acting, and deep acting?
One changes emotions willingly
85
What is the difference between emotional dissonance, and emotional intelligence?
Emotional dissonance: a difference between emotions expressed and emotions felt. Emotional intelligence: ability to understand emotions of ourselves and others, so that we can handle behaviours/relationships
86
What are the two kinds of emotional regulations?
Antecedent-focused strategies, and response-focused strategies
87
What are antecedent-focused strategies?
They prevent strong emotional response
88
What are response-focused strategies?
Manage emotional response according to the situation
89
What 3 main elements form our attitudes?
Cognitive appraisal, affective evaluation, and behavioural intentions
90
What is included in cognitive appraisal?
Beliefs, opinions, information
91
What does cognitive dissonance mean?
Stressed and discomfort experienced when facing inconsistency between beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviours
92
What are the two types of stressors?
Challenge stressors, and hindrance stressors
93
Is it healthy to have some stress?
Yes
94

Organisational behaviour (2 decks)

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