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Developmental Psych > Chapter 1-5 Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why study children?

A
  • to inform partenting
  • it is the period of rapid development
  • long term influences, the child is the father of the man
  • insight into adult processes
  • real-world applications; later in life contexts
  • interesting subject matter
  • to better understand human nature overall
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2
Q

who determined children who were intelligent were more likely to have positive outcomes in adulthood?

A

Terman Termites

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3
Q

What are the possible effects if a child is not adopted until later childhood?

A

everything was affected, intellectually and socially not strong

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4
Q

Developmental Psychology:

A

scientific study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotion, and personality

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5
Q

What is development?

A

the changes in a child that occurs over time; follows orderly patterns that moves toward greater complexity and enhances survival

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6
Q

The traditional approach:

A

says large change happens from birth to adolescent and then little or no change in adulthood occurs

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7
Q

The lifespan approach:

A

development changes during adulthood as well as childhood

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8
Q

State the Periods of Development:

A
  1. Prenatal: from conception to birth
  2. Infancy ad toddlerhood: birth to 2 years
  3. Early Childhood: 6-12 years old
  4. Adolescence: 12-19 years old
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9
Q

When is adolescence often defined “over”?

A

when the child no longer relies on the functions of their parents and lives independently. usually age 24

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10
Q

what three domains is development divided into?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Affective
  3. Cognitive
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11
Q

True or False: Development is viewed by psychologists as a continuous and discontinuous process?

A

True

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12
Q

Three Models of the Interaction Between Nurture and Nature:

A
  1. Maintenance Model - babbling
  2. Facilitation Model - walking
  3. Attunement Model - intellectual development
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13
Q

There Primary Types of Protective Factors:

A
  1. Positive individual attributes
  2. Supportive family environment
  3. People outside the family
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14
Q

Preformationist:

A

children were viewed as little adults (medieval period)

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15
Q

Who believed children were inherently sinful?

A

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

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16
Q

Who believed children are inherently innocent and would develop positively if allowed to do so?

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

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17
Q

Who believed children as a blank slate that can be formed by experience?

A

John Locke

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18
Q

“tabula rasa”:

A

blank slate

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19
Q

Who is often said to be the founder of child development psych?

A

G. Stanley Hall - developed the questionnaire

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20
Q

List Freuds 5 stages of development and their ages.

A
  1. Oral 0-2
  2. Anal 2-3
  3. Phallic 3-7
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
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21
Q

What is fixation according to Freud’s stages of development?

A

when a child gets stuck in one of the stages (usually the first 3 only)

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22
Q

Oral Fixation can lead to what in adulthood?

A

smoking and sarcasm

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23
Q

Anal fixation can lead to what in adulthood?

A

concerns with being clean and neat, OCD extreme

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24
Q

Which stage of Freuds stages of development is where you stay for the rest of your life?

A

Genital stage

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25
Who expanded Freuds stages of development theory?
Eric Erikson
26
What stages were added to Erikson's stages of personality development?
young adulthood adulthood maturity
27
Which view point of development states development should be based on observations of overt behaviour?
Watson's Behaviourism - The Learning Viewpoint
28
What experiment is Watsons famous for?
Little Albert - all behaviour and emotions are learned and generalized
29
Who focused their research on consequences versus stimulus response?
Skinner - operant conditioning
30
Postive Reinforcement:
presenting something good/reward
31
Negative Reinforcement:
taking away something unpleasant
32
who stressed that children learn by observation? What is this theory called?
Albert Bandura - Social Leaning Theory, turned into the Social Cognitive Theory
33
_____ defined intelligence as a basic life process that helps an organism to adapt to its environment.
Piaget
34
Neoteny:
the childhood is extended/prolonged to ensure we develop not inside the womb - this may be why we are more intellectual because we have more time to develop
35
Ontogeny:
skull development
36
who argues that children build knowledge of the world interactive with other people?
Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory
37
What is the purpose of theory in psych research?
to explain or make sense of something
38
standardization:
all other facets that might also effect participants beside from the IV just be held constant
39
Methods of Studying Children:
- observation - naturalistic - nannaturalistic - observer bias/influence
40
Psychophysiological methods:
techniques that measure the relationship between physiological repines and behaviour
41
Ethnography:
studying a culture from within and living with its members and making extensive observations and notes
42
disadvantages of longitudinal studies:
- costly and time consuming | - non representtive sample
43
Advantage of Cross-Sectional studies:
less time consuming and age is an IV
44
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional studies:
- age differenced but not changes | - confound age and cohort effects
45
What is a sequential research design?
two age groups are tested with 2 years in between each
46
Descriptive statistics:
organize and summarize data
47
Inferential Statistics:
assess how meaningful results are
48
Phenotype:
observable characteristics
49
Genotype:
genetic inheritance/genetic potential
50
Gene:
the unit of inheritance
51
Chromosome:
bundle of DNA containing many genes
52
Alleles:
different versions of the same gene (B or b)
53
Polygenic Inheritance:
many genes influence a trait (height)
54
Multi-factorial inheritance:
affected birth genes and the environment (intelligence and Type 2 diabetes)
55
Canalization:
describes the extent to which genetically deterred characteristics are resistant to environmental influences
56
Reaction Range:
range for a particular characteristics includes all the possible outcomes for that characteristics given variations in the nature and taking of environmental influences
57
Genotype-Envrionment Effects:
1. Passive Effects: effects lessen with age 2. Evocative Effects: effects constant with age 3. Active Effects: effects increase with age as child becomes more independent
58
Scarr-MacCartney Model: - Passive Correlation - Evocative Correlation - Active Correlation
Passive: smart parents create smart environments due to smart genes Evocative: smart kids due to smart genes elect smart environments Active: smart kids due to smart genes and seek out smart environment
59
what marks the end of the zygotic period?
implantation and differentiation
60
The Three Stages:
1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix 2. Delivery 3. Birth of the placenta
61
Orienting Response:
an indication of attention and learning
62
Newborn four basic tastes:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
63
which tastes do newborns prefer?
sweet and salty
64
The "oblique" effect:
most people are better at seeing horizontal and vertical orientations than oblique(diagonal) orientation
65
Preferential-Looking Technique:
infants do have visual preferences
66
Intermodal perception:
the use of sensory information from more than one modality to identify a stimulus and make sense of it
67
Kuhl and Metlzoff determined 4 month old did what with lip movements and speech?
matched the lip movement to the corresponding vowel sounds
68
habituation = ?
familiarization
69
Size Constancy:
is the perception that an objects size is the same, despite changes in is retinal image size
70
If ADHD isn't real, then why does Ritalin work?
It will work for anyone.

Developmental Psych (1 decks)

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