Chapter 1 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Brownian Motion
Random movement of molecules in a fluid or gas powered by background thermal energy
DNA versus RNA
DNA
•double stranded
•sugar is deoxyribose
RNA
•single stranded
•sugar is ribose
•Uracil nucleotide instead of thymine
Proteins
Linear polymers made of 20 different amino acids
Glycogen
Is a branched polymer made of glucose
Central Dogma
DNA replicates, new DNA makes RNA which makes protein
Replication
Replication is the generation to daughter double helices from a single double helix catalyzed by DNA polymerase
Transcription
Transcription the process of copying DNA into RNA and his catalyzed by RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation converts RNA into proteins and takes place on ribosomes
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein catalyst that and increases the rate of chemical reaction without being permanently altered or used
Eukaryotic versus prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic:
•Have nucleus
•Have membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic:
•No nucleus
•Disorganized with no organelles
Organelle
An organelle can be any number of membrane-bound structures inside eukaryotic cells
Which organelles are surrounded by two membranes?
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast (plants only)
How does the nuclear membrane differ from other membranes?
The nuclear membrane is not continuous, it is a set of closed membranes that come together as pores
Trace the pathway of the formation of a secretory protein from its gene to its exocytosis from cell
Gene is transcribed into RNA, Which is translated into the protein on ribosomes bound to rough ER, The proteins into the lumen of ER, is sequestered into transport vesicles, Moves to golgi complex, where protein is modified, protein is packaged into secretory vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane, resulting the exocytosis of the protein.
Nucleus (Organelle)
Location of most of the cell’s DNA
Mitochondria (Organelle)
Site of fuel oxidation
Plasma membrane (Organelle)
Separates the inside of the cell from the outside
Endosome (Organelle)
Carries important biochemicals into the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Organelle)
Membrane with ribosomes attached
Chloroplast (Organelle)
Site of photosynthesis
Lysosome (Organelle)
Contains digestive enzymes
Secretory Granules (Organelle)
Destined for fusion with the plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Organelle)
Common form of cytoplasmic membrane
Golgi Complex (Organelle)
Site of carbohydrate addition to proteins
