Chapter 1

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

a technology that describes and measures aspects of nature from samples

Question 2

Estimation

Answer 2

process of inferring an unknown quantity of a target population using sample data

Question 3

Parameter

Answer 3

a quantity describing a population

Question 4

Estimate

Answer 4

a related quantity calculated from a sample

Question 5

Hypothesis Testing

Answer 5

process of determining how well a Ho about a population quantity fits a sample of data

Question 6

Ho

Answer 6

a specific claim regarding the population quantity

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

entire collection of individuals/units that a researcher is interested in

Question 8

Sample

Answer 8

a subset of units taken from the population

Question 9

Sampling error

Answer 9

chance difference between an estimate and the population parameter being estimated

Question 10

Spread of estimates resulting from sampling error indicates ________.

Answer 10

precision

Question 11

Accurate/unbiased

Answer 11

average of estimates is centered on the true population value

Question 12

Bias

Answer 12

a systematic discrepancy between estimates and the true population characteristic

Question 13

Main goal of sampling?

Answer 13

Minimize sampling error and bias in estimates

Question 14

Sample of convenience. Example

Answer 14

a collection of individuals that are easily available to the researcher; undesirable alternative to random sampling
ex. Cats falling out windows, got information easily from vets

Question 15

Volunteer bias. Example.

Answer 15

bias resulting from a systematic difference between the volunteer sample and the population it belongs to
ex. any survey because people with strong opinions are more likely to respond

Question 16

Variable

Answer 16

any characteristic/measurement that differs between individuals (ex. estimates)

Question 17

Data

Answer 17

raw measurements of 1 or more variables made on a sample of individuals

Question 18

2 types of variables. Explain them

Answer 18

1. Categorical: nominal (no inherent order, method of disease transfer) vs ordinal (having order, life stages)
2. Numerical: continuous (any real # in some range) vs discrete (indivisible units)

Question 19

Response variable

Answer 19

variable of interest in an experiment that can be measured or observed (dependent variable)

Question 20

Explanatory variable

Answer 20

independent variable in an experiment that is not affected by other variables

Question 21

Name 3 properties of a good sample

Answer 21

1. random selection of individuals
2. independent selection of individuals
3. sufficiently large