Chapter 1

Question 1

The scientific study of life

Answer 1

biology

Question 2

What are the five fundamental characteristics of life?

Answer 2

1. Energy
2. Cells
3. Information
4. Replication
5. Evolution

Question 3

What is a theory?

Answer 3

an explanation for a general class of observations that are supported by a wide body of evidence

Question 4

Two theories that for the framework for modern biological science:

Answer 4

1. The Cell Theory
2. The theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 5

Who were the first to observe cells?

Answer 5

Robert Hooke and Anton van Leewenhoek

Question 6

What is a cell?

Answer 6

a highly organized compartment bounded by a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution

Question 7

What does the cell theory state?

Answer 7

Organisms are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells

Question 8

What are the implications of cell theory ?

Answer 8

• single and multicellular organisms come from pre-existing cells
• Descendants by ancestry

Question 9

What two claims did Darwin and Wallace make regarding the natural world?

Answer 9

• All species are related by common ancestry
• Descent with modification

Question 10

Define decent with modification ​

Answer 10

characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation

Question 11

Define ​Evolution

Answer 11

a change in the characteristics of a population over time

Question 12

Define Natural selection

Answer 12

the mechanism which describes how evolution occurs

Question 13

Natural selection occurs in populations of ___________

Answer 13

organisms

Question 14

An organism is more competitive when it is able to do what?

Answer 14

reproduce and pass their traits to their offspring

Question 15

What does natural selection enable?

Answer 15

variation in population

Question 16

Define ​population

Answer 16

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 17

What are the guidelines for natural selection to occur?

Answer 17

1. Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable (Must exhibit variation)
2. Individuals in a population have a competitive edge over others (survival & reproduction)

Question 18

Why do some traits become more common in a population over time?

Answer 18

those traits lead to increased success in producing offspring

Question 19

Natural selection acts on _____________

Answer 19

individuals

Question 20

Evolutionary change occurs in ________

Answer 20

populations

Question 21

When can the variation of a population occur?

Answer 21

• Natural selection
• Artificial selection

Question 22

How does the variation of population occur through ​natural selection?

Answer 22

Traits beneficial to the current environment are “selected” for a competitive advantage

Question 23

How does the variation of population occur through artificial selection

Answer 23

desirable traits are identified and selected by humans to produce a population of individuals desired by humans

Question 24

Define FItness

Answer 24

the ability of an individual to produce offspring

Question 25

In biology, the term *'fitness'* is also referred to as

Answer 25

Darwinian Fitness

Question 26

What results in the emergence of a new species?

Answer 26

when adaptation results in a reproductive barrier

Question 27

define ***speciation***

Answer 27

a divergence process in which natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge to form new species

Question 28

Examples of how speciation occurs:

Answer 28

* Geographic isolation * Climate barriers * Mutations in proteins making sperm incompatitble with an egg * Temperature change

Question 29

Define ***Phylogeny***

Answer 29

used to show the evolution of genetically related organisms

Question 30

This occurs when individuals lack the ability to produce

Answer 30

speciation

Question 31

Phylogeny is also referred to as:

Answer 31

The Tree of Life

Question 32

This man studied rRNA

Answer 32

Carl Woese

Question 33

What did Carl Woese study?

Answer 33

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 34

This molecule is used to understand evolutionary relationships

Answer 34

rRNA

Question 35

rRNA is found in (_some/all)_ organisms

Answer 35

all

Question 36

What makes up ribosomal RNA?

Answer 36

ribosomes and rRNA

Question 37

What ribonucleotides is rRNA composed of?

Answer 37

A, U, C, and G

Question 38

This molecule is used to understand the Tree of Life:

Answer 38

rRNA

Question 39

What does the theory of evolution state?

Answer 39

The sequence of ribonucleotides in rRNA can change in populations over time

Question 40

rRNA sequences should be (_very/less)_ similar in closely related organisms

Answer 40

very

Question 41

rRNA sequences should be (_very/less)_​ similar in less closely related organisms

Answer 41

less

Question 42

The *Tree of Life* is also referred to as

Answer 42

The Phylogenic Tree of Life

Question 43

A phylogenic tree is used to show the ___________ between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

relationship; species

Question 44

What do the branches that share a recent common ancestor represent in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 44

The species are closely related

Question 45

What do the branches that _do not share_ a recent common ancestor represent in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 45

The species are more distantly related

Question 46

The tree of life indicates three major groups of organisms:

Answer 46

1. The Eukaryotes 2. Two groups of Prokaryotes 1. Domain Bacteria 2. Domain Archaea

Question 47

Organism(s) that has a _predominant nucleus_

Answer 47

Eukarya

Question 48

Organism(s) that _lacks a nucleus_

Answer 48

Domain bacteria & Domain archaea

Question 49

Organism(s) that _lack a nucleus_ and are _single-celled_

Answer 49

Domain bacteria

Question 50

Organism(s) that _lack a nucleus_ and are _single-celled in **extreme** **environments**_

Answer 50

Domain archaea

Question 51

Identify the type of cell shown

Answer 51

Eukaryotic Cell

Question 52

Identify the type of cell shown

Answer 52

Prokaryotic cell

Question 55

The three domains of living organisms are:

Answer 55

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

Question 56

What organism is represented by the green branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

Answer 56

Bacteria; 16S

Question 57

What organism is represented by the blue branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

Answer 57

Archaea; 16S

Question 58

What organism is represented by the red branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

Answer 58

Eukarya; 18S

Question 59

What molecule is used to classify organisms as Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya?

Answer 59

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 60

What is a Svedberg?

Answer 60

a unit for sedimentation, rate, or density

Question 64

Define ***Taxonomy*** ​

Answer 64

The science of naming and classifying organisms

Question 65

What was Carlos Linnaeus known for?

Answer 65

establishing the classification system know as Taxonomy.

Question 66

How is Taxonomy organized?

Answer 66

organisms are categorized into numerous groups from least specific (Domain) to most specific (Species)

Question 67

The order of Taxonomy is as follows:

Answer 67

* Domain * Kingdom * Phylum * Class * Order * Family * Genus * Species

Question 68

In the taxonomic system, each organism is given a unique two-part scientific name that consists of:

Answer 68

The genus and the species

Question 69

In taxonomy, what is the ***genus*** made up of?

Answer 69

a closely related group of species

Question 70

In taxonomy, what is a ***species*** made up of?

Answer 70

individuals that regularly breed together OR individuals whose characteristics are distinct from those of other species

Question 71

An organism's genus and species designation is called its ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 71

scientific name or latin name

Question 72

What are the ***Rules of Nomenclature***?

Answer 72

* Scientific names are always *italicized* * Genus names are always capitalized * Species names are not capitalized Example: *Homo sapien*