Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the Six steps of the Scientific Method Cycle?

Answer 1

Question/Lit review

Testable hypothesis

Research design

Data Collection/Analysis

Publication

Theory development

Question 2

What is the definition of Psychology?

Answer 2

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 3

What is critical thinking?

4 things

Answer 3

The process of objectively

EVALUATING

COMPARING

ANALYZING

SYTHESIZING

information

Question 4

What are phychology’s 4 main goals?

Answer 4

Description
What is the nature of the behavior or mental process?

Explanation
Why does this behavior or mental process occur?

Prediction
When will this behavior or mental process occur?
Change
How can we CHANGE this behavior or mental process?

Question 5

What is the Psychoanalytic perspective?

Who is the theorist

Answer 5

Believes that the unconcious contains thoughts, memories and desires that are outside awareness yet still influential.

Sigmund Fueud

Question 6

What is the Psychodynamic perspective?

Who is the theroist

Answer 6

Explores uncouncious dynamics, internal motives, conflicts, and past experiences. Specifically in early childhood

Sigmund Freud

Question 7

What is the behavioral perspective?

Who is the theroist?

Answer 7

Emphasises objectible observable enviormental influences on overnt behavior.

John B Watson

B. F. Skinner

Question 8

What is the Cognitive perspective?

Who is the theroist?

Answer 8

Focuses on thinking, percieving, problem solving, memory,

language, & information processing.

Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

Question 9

What is the Biological perspective?

Who is the theroist?

Answer 9

Focuses on genitics and other biological processes in the brain and nervous system

Skinner, Bandura and Walter Mischel

Question 10

What is the Biopsychosocial model

Answer 10

This unifying and integrative model views

biological processes

psychological factors

and social forces

as interrelated influences that interact with the seven major perspectives

Question 11

What is the Sociocultural perspective?

Answer 11

Focus is on the social interactions and culteral determants of behavior and mental processes.

Ethnic origin, occupation,and socio-economic class have a HUGE impact on behavior and mental processes

Question 12

What is the Humanistic perspective?

Who is the Theorist?

Answer 12

Free will, self-actualization, & a positive, growth-seeking human nature

Rogers & Maslow

Question 13

What is positive Psychology?

Answer 13

The study of optimal human functioning

Happiness, Strengths, and Virtues

flow, optimism, resilience, courage, virtues, energy, flourishing, strengths, happiness, curiosity, meaning, subjective well-being, forgiveness, and even joy

Emphasizes Positive emotions - Traits - Institutions

Question 14

What is the Evolutionary perspective?

Answer 14

Natural selection, adaptation, & evolution

Question 15

What is nature vs nurture?

Answer 15

is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture.

Question 16

What is basic Research?

Answer 16

• Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge
• Meets the goals of describe, explain and predict

Usually happens in labs and universities

Question 17

What is applied research ?

Answer 17

• Research designed to solve practical problems
• Meets the goal of change

Usually happens outside the lab and is used in the real world

Question 18

What are independent and dependent Variables?

Answer 18

Independent Dependent

(Factor that is manipulateed (Factor that is measured)

Cause Effect

Before After

Input Output

If Then

What you do What happens

Question 19

What are the three major research methods?

Answer 19

Descriptive research:

The researcher observes and records behavior and mental processes without manipulating variables (without producing causal explanations)

Correlational research:

In which variables are observed or measured (but not directly manipulated) to identify relationships between them

Experimental research:

Is a carefully controlled scientific procedure that involves the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

Question 22

Operationally defined

Answer 22

An operational definition is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity

An operational definition of a variable describes:

What is observed.

What is measured.

These definitions are written quantitatively using:

length, width, height, etc.

time

distance

temperature

numerical value of something

Question 23

Informed Concent

Answer 23

permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits.

Question 24

Ethnocentrisism

Answer 24

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture

Question 25

Debriefing

Answer 25

is a short interview that takes place between researchers and research participants immediately following their participation in a psychology experiment.