Chapter 1

Question 1

Goals of behavioral science

Answer 1

Describe
Predict
Explain
Control

Question 2

Step 1

Answer 2

Identify a problem

- find new ideas
- area of interest 
- research hypothesis

Question 3

Step 2

Answer 3

Develop research plan

• define variables being tested
• identify participants and how to sample
• select research strategy and design

Question 4

Step 3

Answer 4

Conduct study

Question 5

Step 4

Answer 5

Analyze and evaluate data

• statistics
• is hypothesis supported/ non supported

Question 6

Step5

Answer 6

Communicate results

• published paper
• oral presentation

Question 7

Step 6

Answer 7

Generate new ideas

Question 8

Basic research

Answer 8

Exploring and expanding knowledge

Question 9

Applied research

Answer 9

Finding potential solutions for an issue

Question 10

The 3 C’s for conducting a literature review

Answer 10

• comprehensive
• critical
• clever

Question 11

Comprehensive

Answer 11

• multiple databases

- know format for journal articles

Question 12

Critical

Answer 12

• ask questions and remain objective

- know sources

Question 13

Clever

Answer 13

-unique ways to advance research

Question 14

Format for journal article

Answer 14

• abstract
• introduction
• method
• results
• discussion
• references

Question 15

Belmont report 3 principles

Answer 15

• respect for persons
• beneficence
• justice

Question 16

Respect for persons

Answer 16

-autonomous agents : participants capable of making informed decisions

Question 17

Beneficence

Answer 17

• protect from harm and ensure well-being of participants

- maximize benefits and minimize potential

Question 18

Justice

Answer 18

• fairly administered, non-exploitative research

- participants involved are representative of those who would benefit

Question 19

Construct (conceptual) variable

Answer 19

Known to exist, but cannot directly be measured

Question 20

Operational definition

Answer 20

Ways in which a construct can be measured

• forms of measurement

Question 21

Quantitative variable

Answer 21

Varies by amount

-measured as a numeric number

Question 22

Qualitative variable

Answer 22

Varies by class

-category or label

Question 23

Continuous variable

Answer 23

Can take on a full range of values

-infinite number of potential values

Question 24

Discrete variable

Answer 24

Can only be whole numbers

-no values can exist between

Question 25

Reliability

Answer 25

How consistent, stable, or repeatable an observation/ measurement is

Question 26

Test-retest reliability

Answer 26

Same individual; two different times (same test is given) -same person retaking same test

Question 27

Interrater reliability

Answer 27

2 or more raters agree on same observation

Question 28

Internal consistency

Answer 28

Cronbach's alpha | -how closely related a set of items are as a group

Question 29

Validity

Answer 29

The extent to which a measurement for variable/ construct measures what is supposed to measure

Question 30

Face validity

Answer 30

Content appears to accurately reflect construct

Question 31

Construct validity

Answer 31

Is operational definition actually measuring the construct

Question 32

Content validity

Answer 32

Adequately includes all parts of defined construct

Question 33

Criterion-related validity

Answer 33

Looks at relationships between measure and expected outcomes - predictive - concurrent (distinguish) - convergent (correlate) - discriminant

Question 34

Participant

Answer 34

Human volunteer

Question 35

Subject

Answer 35

Non human subjected to research

Question 36

Target population

Answer 36

All members of group of interest

Question 37

Accessible population

Answer 37

Portion of target population that can be sampled from

Question 38

Convenience sampling

Answer 38

Subjects or participants are selected based on how easy it is to access them

Question 39

Quota sampling

Answer 39

Sampling subgroups of participants to resemble target population

Question 40

Probability sampling

Answer 40

Sample is selected from target population

Question 41

Non probability sampling

Answer 41

Sample is selected from accessible population

Question 42

Simple random sampling

Answer 42

All subjects/ participants have equal chance of being selected

Question 43

Simple stratified random sampling

Answer 43

Equal number from each subgroup is selected

Question 44

Proportionate stratified random sampling

Answer 44

Participants of individuals selected from each subgroup to represent population

Question 45

Systematic sampling

Answer 45

First person randomly selected then every nth person thereafter until all have been selected

Question 46

Cluster sampling

Answer 46

Clusters randomly selected; all individuals in each cluster used

Question 47

Multistage sampling

Answer 47

Random sample of clusters followed by random sample of individuals within clusters