Chapter 1

Question 1

Study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior

Answer 1

Psychopharmacology

Question 2

Drugs that affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior by acting in the nervous system

Answer 2

Psychoactive drugs

Question 3

The study of how drugs affect behavior. Sometimes behavioral pharmacologists emphasize principles used in field of behavior analysis

Answer 3

Behavioral pharmacology

Question 4

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system and how these nervous system changes alter behavior

Answer 4

Neuropsychopharmacology

Question 5

Drugs used for treating disorders

Answer 5

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 6

Administered substance that alters physiological functioning

Answer 6

Drug

Question 7

Using a drug to address a specific purpose

Answer 7

Instrumental drug use

Question 8

Drug used to treat a physical or mental disorder

Answer 8

Therapeutic drug

Question 9

Using a drug entirely to experience the drug’s effects

Answer 9

Recreational drug use

Question 10

A trademarked name a company provides for a drug

Answer 10

Trade name (or brand name)

Question 11

A nonproprietary name that indicates the classification for a drug and distinguishes it from others in the same class

Answer 11

Generic name

Question 12

Dose

Answer 12

Ratio of drug per an organism’s body weight

Question 13

Depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by dose

Answer 13

Dose-effect curve

Question 14

Represents the dose at which 50 percent of an effect was observed

Answer 14

ED_50 value

Question 15

Amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect

Answer 15

Potency

Question 16

Ratio of a drug’s toxic dose-effect curve value relative to therapeutic dose-effect curve value

Answer 16

Therapeutic index

Question 17

A therapeutic index calculated by dividing a TD_1 value by an ED_99 value

Answer 17

Certain safety index

Question 18

The physiological actions of drugs

Answer 18

Pharmacodynamics

Question 19

A drug’s passage through the body

Answer 19

Pharmacokinetics

Question 20

The study of how genetic differences influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects

Answer 20

Pharmacogenetics

Question 21

Pharmacological effects that can be directly observed by others

Answer 21

Objective effects

Question 22

Pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed by others

Answer 22

Subjective effects

Question 23

How do pharmacodynamic effects differ from pharmacokinetic effects?

Answer 23

Pharmacodynamic effects refer to the biological effects of a drug, whereas pharmacokinetic effects refer to the movement of a drug through the body, including entry into the nervous system

Question 24

How might pharmacogenetic factors alter a person’s response to a psychoactive drug?

Answer 24

One’s genetic makeup may alter a drug’s passage through the body or alter a drug’s actions in the nervous system

Question 25

What is the challenge in studying subjective drug effects?

Answer 25

Subjective effects represent an individual's personal and non-publicly observable effects from a drug, including how a person feels after taking the drug. Self report. Yet, for recreational drugs, subjective effects are the most important to characterize and understand.

Question 26

Substance identical in appearance to a drug but physiologically inert

Answer 26

Placebo

Question 27

Number of treatments and doses provided to patients described in a clinical

Answer 27

Treatment arms

Question 28

Detailed summaries of a clinical study's design and results

Answer 28

Clinical study reports

Question 29

When researchers do not inform study participants which treatment or placebo they received

Answer 29

Single-blind procedure

Question 30

When neither the participants nor investigators know the treatment assignments during a study

Answer 30

Double-blind procedure

Question 31

Assignment of study treatments without using blinded procedures

Answer 31

Open-label studies

Question 32

Control of variables with potential to influence a dependent variable

Answer 32

Internal validity

Question 33

Ability to extend findings beyond study conditions

Answer 33

External validity

Question 34

Test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure

Answer 34

Face validity

Question 35

How well a study's findings relate to the underlying theory of a study's objectives

Answer 35

Construct validity

Question 36

Ability of model to predict treatment effects

Answer 36

Predictive validity

Question 37

Teratogen

Answer 37

Substance harmful to a fetus

Question 38

The 3 Rs

Answer 38

A review process for animal research that considers "replacement," "reduction," and "refinement" to determine the necessity of using animals, minimum number of animals needed, and procedures to minimize pain or distress

Question 39

Assessment that weighs the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experienced by research subjects

Answer 39

Ethical cost

Question 40

Consent gained after a participant thoroughly understands a study's procedures, possible gains, and potential risks

Answer 40

Informed consent

Question 41

Stages of therapeutic drug development (6)

Answer 41

1. Identify disorder to treat 2. Drug synthesis 3. Biological experiment 4. Focused screening methods 5. Safety pharmacology 6. Clinical trials

Question 42

Rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs

Answer 42

High-throughput screening

Question 43

The study of a drug's adverse effects

Answer 43

Safety pharmacology

Question 44

Clinical Trial

Answer 44

A government approved therapeutic drug experiment in humans' drug development; a multistep process of developing an effective, safe, and profitable therapeutic drug

Question 45

Goal: determine a drug's most likely and frequent adverse effects to occur during treatment Dose/duration: low dose of drug short term Participants: normally healthy volunteers

Answer 45

Clinical trial phase 1

Question 46

Goal: determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored Dose/duration: may be higher dose short term Participants: with disorder to be treated

Answer 46

Clinical trial phase 2

Question 47

Goal: further determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored Dose/duration: dose selected based on previous phase likely long term Participants: with disorder to be treated, more inclusive for other populations and those with coexisting conditions

Answer 47

Clinical trial phase 3

Question 48

Goal: occurs after FDA approves drug for market; might address remaining questions or concerns about the drug; goal is to further determine features of a drug's therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects Dose/duration: selected based on previous phase likely long term Participants: with disorder to be treated, might focus on unique effects in different populations or other medical conditions; choice may come from results of previous phase

Answer 48

Clinical trial phase 4