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Porth Patho Canadian 2ed > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathology

A

The study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

functions of the human body

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3
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

The impact the cellular and organ changes, occured from disease, have on the total body function.

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4
Q

What else does pathophysiology focus on?

A

the mechanisms of the underlying disease, and provides the background for preventive, as well as therapeutic, health care measures and practices.

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5
Q

Define disease

A

An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body system.

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6
Q

Define etiology

A

The cause, or origination of disease.

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7
Q

What are some recognized etiologic agents?

A 
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses)
Physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation)
Chemical agents (poisons, alcohol)
Nurtrional excesses/ deficits.
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8
Q

Do most diseases have a single cause, or are they multifactorial in origin?

A

Multifactorial

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9
Q

Define risk factors

A

The multiple factors that may predispose an individual to a particular disease

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10
Q

Define congenital conditions

A

Defects that are present at birth, although they are not evident at birth.

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11
Q

Congenital conditions might be caused by what?

A

Genetic influence
Environmental factors
or a combination of the two

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12
Q

Define acquired conditions

A

defects caused by events that occur after birth

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13
Q

Acquired conditions might be caused by what?

A 
Injury
Exposure to infectious agents
inadequate/improper nutrition
lack of oxygen
inappropriate immune response
neoplasia
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14
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.

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15
Q

Many diseases are thought to be the result of what?

A

A genetic predisposition and an environmental event or events that serve as a trigger to initiate disease development

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16
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

How the disease process evolves.
or the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent, until the ultimate expression of a disease.

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17
Q

Define morphology

A

The fundamental structure, or form of cells or tissues

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18
Q

Define morphologic changes

A

both, the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of disease,

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19
Q

Define histology

A

the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. (most commonly looked at with microscope)

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20
Q

Define lesion

A

a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue

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21
Q

Define manifestations

A

obvious signs to show a person is sick.

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22
Q

Define symptom

A

a subjective sensation that is noted by the person with a disorder
(pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness)

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23
Q

Define sign

A

a manifestation that is noted by an external observer

elevated temperature, swollen extremity, changes in pupil size

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24
Q

Define syndrome

A

A compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state.

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25
Define complications
possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
26
Define sequelae
lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease
27
Define diagnosis
The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
28
What percent is the normal distribution?
95% of the reference population, or | the mean, plus or minus two standard deviations.
29
Define validitiy
the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
30
Define reliability
The extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
31
Define standardization
aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
32
Define sensitivity
the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (called a true-positive result)
33
Define specificity
the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (true-negative result)
34
Specificity can be only calculated from people who have the disease, or people who do not?
People who do not have the disease
35
What is a false-positive test?
If a test is 95% specific, that means 95 of 100 normal people are correctly identified, and the other 5% who do not have the disease but are labeled as having the disease are known as false positive
36
What is a false-negative test?
a person who tests negative for a disease, however, they actually have the disease. This results in delayed diagnosis and jeopardized the outcome of the treatment.
37
Define predictive value
The extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
38
Define positive predictive value
the proportion of true positive results that occurs in a given population
39
define negative predictive value
the true-negative observations in a population
40
What are the three ways a diseases course can be?
acute disorder chronic disease subacute disease
41
Define acute disorder
relatively severe, but self limiting (short)
42
define chronic disease
runs a continuous course or can present with exacerbations and remissions
43
Define exacerbations
aggrevation of symptoms and severity of the disease
44
define remission
period during which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms
45
define subacute disease
intermediate or between acute and chronic - not as severe as acute, and not as prolonged as a chronic
46
Define preclinical stage
disease is not clinically evident, but is destined to progress to clinical disease
47
define subclinical disease
not clinically apparent, but is diagnosed with antibody or culture tests (such as tb)
48
define clinical disease
manifested by signs and symtoms
49
define clinical infectious disease
persists for years, sometimes for life
50
define carrier status
an individual who harbours and organism but is not infected, as evidence by antibody response or clinical manifestations
51
Define epidemiology
The study of disease occurrence in human populations. It looks for patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder (age, race, diet, lifestyle, geographic location)
52
Epidemiologic methods are used to determine what?
how a disease is spread, how to control it, how to prevent it, and how to eliminate it.
53
Define incidence
the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
54
Define prevalence
measure of an existing disease in a population at a given point in time.
55
Define morbidity
the effects an illness has on a persons life
56
Define mortality
statistics to provide information about the causes of death in a given population
57
Define cross sectional studies
use simultaneous collection of information necessary for classification of exposure and outcome status
58
Define case control studies
designed to compare persons known to have the outcome of interest (cases) and those known not to have the outcome of interest (controls)
59
Define cohort studies
group of persons who were born at approximately the same time or share some characteristics of interest
60
Define natural history of a disease
the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention
61
Define prognosis
the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease.
62
What can prognosis be designated as
chances for full recovery | possibility of complications or anticipated survival time
63
Define primary prevention
directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk factors
64
Define secondary prevention
detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop it from progressing
65
Define tertiary prevention
directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed
66
Define evidence-based practice
the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. it uses individual expertise as well as clinical evidence.
67
Define clinical practice guidelines
systematically developed statements intended to inform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances

Porth Patho Canadian 2ed (2 decks)

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