Chapter 1

Question 1

human anatomy

Answer 1

the science concerned with the structure of the human body

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

the science concerned with the function of the body

Question 3

first anatomical observations?

Answer 3

as far back as 3000 yrs ago in Mesopotamia

Question 4

origin of dissection of cadavers?

Answer 4

basis for understanding the human body for many centuries, graduate students would rob graves in order to study them and then return them

Question 5

how are scientists currently studying anatomy?

Answer 5

using microscopes and radiography by looking at what is going on inside cells instead of the larger organ systems

Question 6

Hippocrates

Answer 6

Greek, Father of Medicine

Hippocratic Oath 400 BC

Question 7

Aristotle

Answer 7

Greek
Father of Comparative Anatomy
350 BC

Question 8

Celsus

Answer 8

Roman
First medical author in print
30 BC - 30 AD

Question 9

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 9

Renaissance
anatomical drawings of quality
1452 - 1519

Question 10

Vesalius

Answer 10

Renaissance

Father of Anatomy

Question 11

Malapighi

Answer 11

European
Father of Histology (study of tissues)
described capillaries

Question 12

Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin

Answer 12

structure of DNA 1953

won the Noble Peace Prize

Question 13

What is science today?

Answer 13

1. a method of learning about the physical world around us
2. based on Natural Laws
3. testable
4. hypothesis driven
5. tentative conclusions
6. based on the scientific method

Question 14

scientific method

Answer 14

1. observation - ask a question
2. hypothesis - make a prediction
3. experiment - test the prediction, result
4. interpret data - statistics, what does the data show?
5. conclusion - accept or reject hypothesis

Question 15

Why is the Scientific Method so good?

Answer 15

1. Universal - it doesn’t matter what language I speak + I can repeat experiment
2. rigor - everything is standardized against a control
3. peer review - before publishing

Question 16

homeostasis

Answer 16

the constancy of the body’s internal environment

temperature, PH, + internal conditions

Question 17

feedback mechanisims

Answer 17

certain mechanisms in place which help the body maintain its internal environment

Question 18

negative feedback

Answer 18

most common

1. environmental change (step on nail)
2. sensor (nerve)
3. regulatory center (central nervous system)
4. effector (message motor neuron)
5. reverse inhibitor (pull foot off nail)

Question 19

positive feedback

Answer 19

a mechanism that brings about an even greater change in the same direction
* the action continues to build until the biological process is complete
* has a definite end point
* Ex - childbirth
hormone oxytocin causes contractions, more and more oxytocin is released until the baby is born, then hormone levels decline

Question 20

organ systems

Answer 20

work together to maintain homeostasis

Question 21

list organ systems

Answer 21

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal + Muscular
3. Nervous
4. Endocrine
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
10. Reproductive

Question 22

Integumentary System

Answer 22

SKIN
protects the body and underlying tissues from injury, pathogens and water loss
* helps regulate body temperature
*sensory reception

Question 23

Skeletal + Muscular System

Answer 23

supports + moves the body
protects internal organs
actively involved in motion

Question 24

Nervous System

Answer 24

conducts nerve impulses

Question 25

Endocrine System

Answer 25

secretes chemical hormones that serve as messengers between body parts

Question 26

Cardiovascular System

Answer 26

removes wastes transports gases transports nutrients

Question 27

Lymphatic System

Answer 27

``` protects the body from disease by: purifying lymph + supporting lymphocytes (white blood cells) + absorbs fat +collects excess tissue fluid ```

Question 28

Respiratory System

Answer 28

brings oxygen to the body | + carries away carbon dioxide

Question 29

Digestive System

Answer 29

receives food and digests it into nutrients which can enter the cells

Question 30

Urinary System

Answer 30

rids the body of nitrogenous wastes regulates body fluid levels regulates chemical content of blood (how viscous is the blood)

Question 31

Reproductive System

Answer 31

production of offspring

Question 32

anatomical position

Answer 32

``` body erect anterior side (belly side) feet slightly apart palms forward thumbs point away ```

Question 33

superior

Answer 33

toward head

Question 34

inferior

Answer 34

away from head

Question 35

My heart is ? to my feet

Answer 35

superior

Question 36

anterior/ventral

Answer 36

toward front of body

Question 37

posterior/dorsal

Answer 37

toward back of body

Question 38

medial

Answer 38

toward the midline

Question 39

lateral

Answer 39

away from the midline

Question 40

intermediate

Answer 40

between a medial and lateral structure

Question 41

My hand is ? to my elbow

Answer 41

lateral

Question 42

proximal

Answer 42

closer to

Question 43

distal

Answer 43

farther from

Question 44

body planes

Answer 44

``` sagittal midsagittal or medial frontal or coronal transverse or horizontal oblique ```

Question 45

sagittal

Answer 45

divides into left and right parts

Question 46

midsagittal or medial

Answer 46

lies on the midline