Chapter 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
principle quantum number (n) is a _____ number that specifies the ___ and is related to the ____ of the orbital
whole, shell,energy
angular momentum quantum number is usually designated by a letter ,,_ This letter describes
s,p,d shape of the orbital
Pauli exclusion principle
Only 2 electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must have opposite spin
Hund’s rule
If 2 or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons occupy each with spins parallel until all orbitals have 1 electron
the 3 perpendicular p orbitals ____ energy
are equal
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an element to ____ ______ ____ itself when bonded to another element
attract electrons toward
The greater the difference in _______ between two bonded atoms; the more polar the bond.
electronegativity
shifting of electrons in a bond in response to EN of nearby atoms is called
Inductive effect:
Structures frequently contain atoms that contain a positive or a negative charge what is this called
formal charges
how to calculate formal charges
count all unshared electrons and half of all bonding electrons subtract that numnber from the the vallence e of neutral atom
Constitutional isomers (aka structural isomers)
are isomers that differ in the order in which the atoms are connected.
Resonance forms differ only in the placement of their
pi or nonbonding electrons
A structure with resonance forms ___ ___ alternate between the forms
does not
the resonance structure contributes more to the hybrid? is the one
with the least amount of formal charges
VSEPR model (Valence Shell Electrostatic Repulsion
This model rests on the idea that electron pairs repel each other
and therefore atoms wish to be far away from one another
Dipole Moment
if its centers of positive and negative charge
do not coincide-polar
Brønstead-Lowry acid/bacic
An acid is a proton donor. A base is a
proton acceptor.
Lewis acid/bases
An acid is an electron pair acceptor. A base is an
electron pair donor
a smaller pKa is associated
with a_____acid
stronger
pKa=
pKa = – log10Ka
a large Ka means a acid is
strong
strong acids are stronger than ______ __,weak acids are weaker than _______ __
hydronium ion
alcohols resemble____ in acidity; their conjugate
water
ammonia and amines are ___ ____ ____;
their conjugate bases are very strong bases
very weak acids
