Chapter 1

Question 1

Intuition

Answer 1

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 2

Hindsight Bias

Answer 2

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

Question 3

Critical Thinking

Answer 3

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation using an integrated set of principals that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events.

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Question 6

Operational Definition

Answer 6

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence yes measures.

Question 7

Replication

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Question 8

Case Study

Answer 8

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Question 9

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 9

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Question 10

Survey

Answer 10

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. This does not refer to a country’s whole population.