Chapter 1

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Also known as the “I-Knew-It-All-Along” Phenomenom

Question 2

Critical Thinking

Answer 2

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Does not blindly accept arguments

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

Explains through a set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

Produces testable predictions that express a relationship between two variables

Enables us to test and reject or revise the theory, such predictions give direction to research

Question 5

Operational Definitions

Answer 5

Explains what one means in hypothesis

Is able to provide in-depth description and specific explanation towards an experiment

Will tell if study is valid and reliable

Question 6

Replicate

Answer 6

Repeat observations with different participants in different situations to see if basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances

Question 7

Case Study

Answer 7

Detailed picture of one or a few subjects

It tells a story; just descriptive research

Does not have correlation or prove cause and effect

Question 8

Survey

Answer 8

Examines attitudes, motives, and opinions

Most common type; it reports behavior and opinion

Does prove correlation but not cause and effect

Random sample helps the most with this

Question 9

Random Sample

Answer 9

Every person has an equal chance of participating

Question 10

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 10

One is observed in their own environment

No manipulation is involved

Question 11

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 11

People alter behavior because they know they are being observed

Question 12

Correlational Research

Answer 12

Statistical measure of how two variables relate to each other

Can detect relationship and claim prediction but does not prove cause and effect

Question 13

Positive Correlation vs Negative Correlation

Answer 13

Positive is same direction (up and up)

Negative is opposite direction (up and down)

Question 14

Correlation Coefficient

-1 — 0 — +1

Answer 14

Number that measures strength of relationship

# close to -1 or +1, the stronger one is
# close to 0, the weaker or no correlation

R= .85
(strong positive correlation)

Can’t have anything under -1 or over 1

Question 15

Scatter Plot

Answer 15

Cluster of dots to show how 2 variables are related

Positive, no relationship, or negative

Question 16

Illusory Correlation

Answer 16

A perceived non-existent correlation

It is a perception of a relationship where non exists

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

Research to focus on possible effect of one or more factors

Manipulates factors of interest
Holds constant “controlling” factor

Does prove cause and effect

Question 18

Confounding Variable

Answer 18

Anything that can cause change in B, that is not A

An interference

Question 19

Random Assignment

Answer 19

In a experiment, people are
randomly assigned to groups

Experimental (exposed to independent)
Control (not exposed; kept constant)

Question 20

Placebo

Answer 20

Drug that does absolutely nothing but gives patients the illusion that they are receiving the experimental drug

Question 21

Double Blind

Answer 21

Both experimenter and patients do not know which person gets the treatment or placebo

Enables to observe actual effects without bias

Only third party (nurse) knows and records it down

Question 22

Independent Variable

Answer 22

What is being manipulated

Should bring about change

Question 23

Dependent Variable

Answer 23

What is being measured in experiment

Dependent on Independent variable

Question 24

Statistics

Answer 24

The recording of results from study in a mathematical form

Question 25

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 25

Describes sets of data through measures of central tendency

Question 26

Inferential Statistics

Answer 26

Tell us if our data is statistically significant (if it means something) Educated guess Purpose is to see if finding can be applied to larger population

Question 27

Central Tendency

Answer 27

Single score that represents a set of scores (mean, median, mode)

Question 28

Mean

Answer 28

Average of set of scores Total of # (N) divided by amount

Question 29

Median

Answer 29

The exact midpoint of the set of scores

Question 30

Mode

Answer 30

Most frequent occurring score in a set of numbers Bi-modal: 2 modes There are no more than three modes

Question 31

Normal Distribution

Answer 31

Mean, median, and mode are all the same

Question 32

Range

Answer 32

Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Question 33

Skewed Distrubution

Answer 33

Caused by outliers Lower on right (+) is positively skewed (high outlier, low scores) Lower on left (-) is negatively skewed (low outlier, high scores)

Question 34

Standard Deviation

Answer 34

How much scores vary around mean score Lower variance: more stable conclusion High variance: less stable conclusion The central tendency used is Mean

Question 35

Percentage of Standard Deviation

Answer 35

2 | 14 | 34 | 34 | 14 | 2

Question 36

Population Value

Answer 36

Represented by p* P < .05 This means the results are 5% due to chance or 5/100 fluke

Question 37

APA Ethical Guidelines

Answer 37

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code is published bu the American Psychological Association IRB: Internal Review Board: asses risks and benefits of research

Question 38

Human Guidelines

Answer 38

``` Voluntary Informed consent Small amount of deception Confidentiality of participants No harm physically or psychologically Must debrief after ```

Question 39

Animal Guidelines

Answer 39

``` Acquired legally Serve a clear purpose Description of animal Treated humanely throughout experiment Least amount of suffering possible ```

Question 40

Statistical Significance

Answer 40

Statement of how likely an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 41

Culture

Answer 41

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 42

Overconfidence

Answer 42

Our tendency to think we know more than we do

Question 43

Scientific Method

Answer 43

``` Observe Hypothesis (Theory) Predictions Test Modify Publish ```

Question 44

Curious Skepticism

Answer 44

Psychologists approach the world of behavior with a doubt as to the truth

Question 45

False Consensus Effect

Answer 45

We tend to believe the majority of people agree and act the same way we do Normal and typical