Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of mind and behaviour

Question 2

Mind

Answer 2

private inner experiences of preceptions, thoughts, memories and feelings

Question 3

Behaviour

Answer 3

observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

Question 4

Plato (428-347 BCE)

Answer 4

Nativism

Question 5

Nativism

Answer 5

the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

Question 6

Aristole (384-322 BCE)

Answer 6

Philosophical empirism

Question 7

Philosophical Empiricism

Answer 7

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Question 8

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Answer 8

body & mind are fundamentally different things
suggested mind influences the body through the pineal gland
Dualism

Question 9

Dualism

Answer 9

mental activity can be reconciled & coordinated w/ physical behaviour

Question 10

Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758-1828)

Answer 10

Phrenology
thought brains and minds were linked by size rather than glands
size of bumps in the brain and by feeling them, you could tell what the person was like

Question 11

Phrenology

Answer 11

defunct theory that specific mental abilities & characteristics ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness are localized in specific regions of the brain

Question 12

Physiology

Answer 12

the study of biological processes, especially in the human body

Question 13

Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)

Answer 13

Structuralism

believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness (subjective experiences)

Question 14

Structuralism

Answer 14

the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

• involved breaking down consciousness into elemental sensations and feelings

Question 15

Introspection

Answer 15

the subjective observation of one’s own experience

Question 16

William James

Answer 16

Functionalism

examined the structure of mental processes and set out to understand the functions of those mental processes

Question 17

Functionalism

Answer 17

the study of the purpose that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

Question 18

Charles Darwin

Answer 18

Natural selection - the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed onto subsequent generations

Question 19

Jean-Martin Charcot & Pierre Janet

Answer 19

hysteria - temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

Question 20

Sigmund Freud

Answer 20

Psychoanalytic theory & psychoanalysis

studied the unconscious

Question 21

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 21

an approach the emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviours

Question 22

Psychoanalysis

Answer 22

a therapeutic approach the focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

recall past experiences

Question 23

Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

Answer 23

Humanistic psychology

viewed people as free agents who have an inherent need to develop, grow and attain their full potential

Question 24

Humanistic psychology

Answer 24

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Question 25

John Watson

Answer 25

Behaviorism - proposed that psychologists focus entirely on the study of behavior - goal of psychology should be to predict and control behaviors in ways that benefit society

Question 26

Behaviorism

Answer 26

an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour Watson - see only behaviour Skinner - environment is everything

Question 27

B.F. Skinner

Answer 27

Behaviorism & reinforcement - made the skinner box - claims that when we're using free will, it's actually an illusion and we're just responding to present and past patterns of reinforcement

Question 28

Principle of reinforcement

Answer 28

the consequences of a behavior determines whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

Question 29

Max Wertheimer

Answer 29

Gestalt psychology Illusions - the mind imposes organization

Question 30

Illusions

Answer 30

errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

Question 31

Gestalt psychology

Answer 31

a psychological approach the emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Question 32

Sir Fredic Bartlett

Answer 32

suggested that memory isn't photographic reproduction, it is powerfully influenced by our knowledge, beliefs, hopes, aspirations, and desires

Question 33

Jean Piaget & Kurt Lewin

Answer 33

Cognitive psychology

Question 34

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 34

the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning

Question 35

George Miller

Answer 35

we can pay attention to and briefly hold in memory about 7 pieces of information

Question 36

Karl Lashley

Answer 36

Behavioural Neuroscience brain scanning is invaluable bc it allows us to observe the brain in action & to see which parts are involved in which operations

Question 37

Behavioral Neuroscience

Answer 37

an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

Question 38

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 38

field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

Question 39

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 39

a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection complications: doesn't have a record of our ancestors thoughts, feelings and actions

Question 40

Social psychology

Answer 40

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Question 41

Gordon Allport

Answer 41

studied in stereotyping, prejudice and racism in the american civil rights movements

Question 42

Cultural psychology

Answer 42

the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members