Chapter 1 Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
Cyanobacteria
A
- Oxygen producing photosyntheses
- Change the course of life on earth of providing oxygen
- become endosymbions ex. mitochondria and chloroplast
2
Q
Chemoautotroph
A
Organisms that use chemical energy to break down carbon to make food for themselves
3
Q
Photoautotroph
A
carry out photosynthesis using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
4
Q
Protozoa
A
- causes malaria
- are unicellular eukaryotic microbes
- move by pseudopods (fake feet), flagella, or cilia(short little flagella for motion)
- live as either free entities or parasites (steal nutrients from living host)
- can produce sexually or asexually and use photosynthesis
5
Q
Phytoplankton
A
causes red tide
6
Q
Fungi
A
are Eukaryotes organisms whose cells have a nucleus containing its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear membrane
- can be unicellular or multicellular
- cant do photosynthesis
- Have cell walls produced by a substance called chitin
- unicellular versions are larger than bacteria
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually and obtain food from organic material from their env
7
Q
helminthes
A
parasitic worms
8
Q
Simple Eukaryotes
A
Protozoa, Phytoplankton, fungi, and Helminthes
9
Q
Bacteria
A
are single celled or unicellular organisms
- They are not in a nuclear membrane so they are PROKARYOTES and they include both bacteria and archaea - they come in several shapes (some in squared or star shaped) - bacillus: rodlike pause - Spiral: cork screw or curved - Coccus: Spherical
10
Q
Archaea
A
also consist of prokaryotic cells but have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan (protein)
- Divided into 3 main groups
- Methanongens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration
- Extreme halophiles that live in extremely salty enviorments
- Extreme thermophiles live in hot sulfuros water
- don’t cause disease to humans
11
Q
Algae
A
Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes with different shapes and can produce sexually or asexually
- The ones we care about are unicellular
- cell walls are made out of cellulose (Carbohydrate)
- Do photosynthesis and need light, water, and carbon dioxide but don’t need organix compounds from the enviorment.
- because of the photosynthesis they produce oxygen and carbs and that’s why they are so important for everyone else
12
Q
Viruses
A
are different from the other groups
- mad small and can only be seen with electron microscope and are not ceullar
- made with one type of NA either DNA or RNA
- only can reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms
- so they are only living when they multiply within host cells they infect
- not considered living because they cannot live on their own as host
13
Q
Multicellular Animal Parasites
A
not strictly microorganisms but are important because of medical reasons
- are eukaryotes
- parasitic workms either flatworms or roundworms called Helminths
14
Q
Classification of Organisms
A
Carl Woese devised a system of classification beased on the cellular organization of organisms
- 3 domains
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
- Protists: cell walls with peptidoglycan (protein)
- Fungi: unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms
- Plants –Animals
15
Q
Hooke
A
was the first dude to see cells and marked the beginning of the cell theory which says all living things are made out of cells
-Hooke microscope wasn’t legit enough to see microorganisms, but Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see them with some high tech shit
16
Q
Van Leeuwenhoek
A
First person to look at small organisms
-called them animalcules cuz the behavior reminded him of animals
17
Q
Spont. Generation
A
widely held belief that is false
- common thinking though
- had to be disproven to call attention to importance of microbes in the everyday world
18
Q
What they thought until the second half of the 19th century?
A
many scientists and philosphers thought some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (SPONTANEOUS GENERATION)
19
Q
Franceso Redi
A
in 1668 performed an experiement to show that maggots did not generate spontaneously
- Had meat in two jars and one was sealed and one wasn’t. Maggets layed seeds and it grew in the open jar and the tight one didn’t. Niggas didn’t believe his findings because they said fresh air was needed for spontaneous generation. So he did a second experiment and covered the jar with a fine net instead of sealing it and it worked. - shitted on the belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife, but some people still believed it.
20
Q
John Needham
A
The case for SG was strengthened in 1745 by John Needham t
-Said after he heated chicken and corn broth and poured them into covered flask that shit grew microorganisms.
21
Q
Spallanzani
A
-had two flasks open and sealed
said that microorganisms from the air went into the Needham solutions after they were boiled and they did not develop microbial growth on its own. Needham rebuttaled by saying the “VITAL FORCE” for SG had been destroyed by the heat and was kept out by the sealed flas
-many microorganisms don’t need O2 but even w out oxygen as the vital force he prevent ackocolatoin of the broth
22
Q
Rudolf Virchow
A
went at the SG concept with biogenesis.
-saying that living cells arise only from living cells that were already there. BUT SON DIDN’T HAVE PROOF
23
Q
Pasteur
A
- Pasteur showed that MOs are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air itself doesn’t create microbes
- had two short necked flasks with beef broth and boiled the contents. Some was left to cool and it became contaminated. The other flask that was sealed was free from MOs.
- PASTEUR stated that the reason that microbes in the air were agents responsible for contaminating non living matter
- He then made a flash with a s curled neck and nothing grew in there because air was able to flow but the neck trapped the airborne microorganisms that could’ve contaminated the broth.
- These discoveries were ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted MOs (standard practice in lab and medical procedures)
- Moral of the story, Pasteur showed that MOs cant orginate from mystical forces from nonliving materials. Appearance of spontaneous life in non living organisms is from MOs that were already present in the air or fluids
CONCLUSION: even in presence of air no growth of MOs can occur unless they are inoculated into culture broth
-THE AIR WAS STILL ABLE TO GET THROUGH BUT THE FLASK TRAPPED THE MICROOBES. AIR ISNT THE REASON THAT’S WHERE THEY FUCKED UP.
24
Q
Biogenesis Theory
A
- The way of thinking now
- microorganisms are the cause of new ones cuz life makes life
25
SIGNIFICANCE OF PASTEUR'S FINDINGS
- MOs only arise from previously existing MOs
- Microbes have an ongoing role in biological systems
- they are not an incidental finding
- they are not the result of disease, but instead may serve as causative agents of diseases
- MOs caused the broth to disease
- MOs are everywhere so they do all biological things
26
The Golden Age of Microbiology
Period between 1857-1914
- Pasteur and Koch basically the Lebron and Durant of the MB era
- Discoveries invluded both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease.
- Studied the chemical activites of microorganisms, improved the techniques for performing miscoscopy and culturing microorganisms, and developed vaccines and surgical techniques.
27
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
-Pauster was a key figure, in addition to disproof of spontaneous generation he's also known for
- studies in microbial action in wine making
- pasteurization
- Studies of silk worm disease
- Immunization against rabies
- views of science as serving socioeconomic needs
28
THE GA AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (2)
Period between 1857-1914
- Pasteur and Koch basically the Lebron and Durant of the MB era
- Discoveries invluded both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease.
- Studied the chemical activites of microorganisms, improved the techniques for performing miscoscopy and culturing microorganisms, and developed vaccines and surgical techniques.
29
Pasteurization
Short duration high heat method of disinfecting
ex. milk, juices, etc
-lot of cows had bovine that could be transferred so he pasteurized it to kill off the disease
30
Silk Worms
silk route was long so niggas smuggled silk worms so the silk route died
- they were parasitized by protozoan
- they identified the parasite at a young age and got it taken care of
31
Immunization against rabies
Pasteur was also responsible for this....developed inoculant after you received a bite
32
Fermentation and Pasteurization
- one of the key steps that showed the relationship between MOs and disease occurred when French niggas wanted to know why wine and beer soured.
- They thought the air converted these sugars into alchohol, but Pasteur found that yeast converts the sugar to alchohol without air.
- fermentation is used to make wine and beer. Souring and spoilage are caused by bacteria turning alcohol into vinegar.
- Pasteur realized it was important to heat the beer and wine to kill most of the bacteria that caused spoilage and this is called Pasteurization
33
Robert Koch
- Prussian
- a lot of his research was on finding pathogens
- had pure culture techniques: agar as a solidifying agent (hess)
- Germ Theory of Disease
- Koch's Postulates
34
The Germ Theory of Disease
- The link of fermentation with MOs and physical and chemical changes in organic materials showed that MOs might have a similar relationship with plants and animals. SO THEY REALIZED that MOs might cause disease. (GERM THEORY OF DISEASE)
- niggas wasn’t fuckin w the germ theory because they thought disease was punishment for crimes or misdeeds
- people didn’t believe it was possible for invisible microbes to travel through the air to infect things that can infect us.
- in1865 Pasteur was asked to fight silkworm disease that was fucking up the silk industry in Europe. Agostino Bassi had discovered that the SW disease was caused by fungus 20 years later and Pasteur used this info to realize that more recent infection was caused by protozoan and developed a method of recognizing bad silkworm moths.
35
Lister
-aseptic surgery
in the 1860s, Joseph Lister applied germ theory to medical procedures. And basically was the first person to use disinfectants to kill bacteria. (carbolic acid) and his findings showed MOs caused surgical wound infections.
36
Koch
- Koch proved that bacteria actually cause disease and was Pasteurs rival to discover the cause of anthrax.
- Koch discovered that Bacillus anthracis in the blood of the cattle was the cause of anthrax
- Koch then created Koch’s postulates, a sequence of experimental steps for directly relation a specific microbe to a specific disease. And has been used for the past 100 years.
37
Vaccination
- Edward Jenner found a way to prevent people from small pox
- Jenner realized if he infected a healthy person with something it could prevent them from getting sick w something else
- living virent was used to produce immunity
- Observed that young woman who had cow pox had immunity against small pox
- ppl dont fuck with him for doing human exp
38
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a “Magic Bullet”
- after realizing the connection between disease and MOs the next step was to find out how to destroy these infections without damaging the infected animal or human.
- Synthetic Drugs, Chemotherapy, And Antibiotics
39
Chemotherapy
is the treatment of killing diseases through chemicals.
40
antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other MOs
41
Synthetic Drugs
are chemotherapeutic agents that are prepared from chemicals in a lab
42
Paul Ehrlich
forerunner of the chemotherapy revolution
- he speculated about a magic bullet that can target the pathogen without harming the host
- found salvarsan an arsenic derivative that what used to treat syphilis
- SALVATION FROM SYPHILLIS LMFAO
43
Flemming
- the first antibiotics were founded by Flemming
- penicillium is an antibiotic produced by a fungus.
- some antibiotics effects the host though don’t get it twisted
44
Koch's Postulates
Methodology for Pathogens agents responsible for diseases
- bacterial, viral, parasitic diseases
- still relevant for modern day use
- lyme +legionnaires disease was identified by it
45
Steps in Koch's Postulates
1. Study natural cases by seeing what is happening through observation
- Collect samples from sick/healthy organisms
2. Grow microbes from diseased hose in pure cultures. Compare and prove microbes isolated from a healthy host and compare and prove what suspect organism is causing the problem.
3. Inoculate suspect pathogen into an appropriate host to see if reproduction of original disease happens. Must see same symptoms as observed in natural infection
4. Obtain tissue specimens from experimental host; grow microbes in pure culture and most resolute original suspect pathogen.
46
How to know if the findings in Koch Postulates proves what is the infectious disease?
If the findings at step 1 and 3, and at steps 2 and 4 match then the isolated organism is the agent for disease.
1 and 3 shows symptom match. 2 and 4 shows isolation pathogen matching
47
Koch's Postulates limitations
- No guarantee it works
- Things don't match up
- Might give them a different illness and some organisms cause more harm than others. Gotta be mindful how the organism was transmitted and have to replicate how it got there
- Some virus and some bacteria cannot be grown in pure culture
- SOME ORGANISMS CANNOT BE GROWN IN EXP HOST ...i.e HIV in animals
48
John Snow
- made the machine for anesthesia and the calculation for dosages
- cholera epidemiology
- made maps of the city to track cases of Cholera
- Ppl that got sick from water from the same well and he was able to figure it out through the maps
49
Semmelweis
Aseptic hand washing
- puerperal fever (pelvic infection of mothers of new borns)
- was infecting them with this because doctor's didn't wash their hands
- used bleach diluted with water to wash them
- niggas didn't fuck with him because he was accusing people of harming people
50
Nightingale
Aseptic Nursing
