Chapter 1⏳ Flashcards
1
Q
two parts of skin
A
epidermis
dermis
2
Q
Superficial part of the skin
A
epidermis
3
Q
deep part of the skin
A
dermis
4
Q
is a stratified whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface
A
Epidermis
5
Q
is composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
A
Dermis
6
Q
the dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones called
A
Superficial fascia/ Subcutaneous tissue
7
Q
the skin over joints always folds in the same place
A
Skin Creases
8
Q
Appendages of the skin
A
Nails, hair follicles sebaceous glands and sweat glands
9
Q
keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes
A
nails
10
Q
proximal edge of the plate
A
root of the nail
11
Q
with the exception of the dital plate,the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin called
A
nail folds
12
Q
where the hair grows, it lies obliquely to the skin surface
A
Hair follicles
13
Q
expanded extremities, penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis. it is concave at its end.
A
Hair bulbs
14
Q
vascular connective tissue occupies the concave air bulbs
A
hair papilla
15
Q
A band of smooth muscle ,connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis
A
Arrector pili
16
Q
dimpling of the skin effect of the pull of the muscle
A
Gooseflesh
17
Q
pour their secretion,onto the shafts of the fairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles.They are situated on the sloping undersurface of the follicles lie within the dermis
A
Sebaceous glands
18
Q
secretion of sebaceous glands,oily material that helps preserve the flexibility of the emerging hair
A
Sebum
19
Q
are long , spiral,tubular glands distributed over the surface of the body, the mist deeply penetrating structure of all epidermal appendages
A
Sweat glands
20
Q
Two types of fasciae
A
Superficial and Deep
21
Q
is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia
A
Superficial Fascia/subcutaneous tissue
22
Q
is a membraneous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structure
A
deep fascia
23
Q
in the region of the joints,the deep fascia maybe considerably thickened to form restraining bands. Their function is to hold underlying tendons in position to serve as pulleys around which the tendons move
A
Retinacula
24
Q
Three types of muscle
A
Skeletal,smooth,cardiac
25
Produce the movements of the skeleton,they are sometimes called voluntary muscles and are made up of striped muscle fibers
skeletal muscles
26
the attachment that moves you the least
origin
27
the one that moves the most
insection
28
the fleshy part of the muscle
belly
29
the ends of a muscle are attached to bones,cartilage, or ligaments by cords of fibrous tissue
tendons
30
flattened muscles are attached by a thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue
aponeurosis
31
is an interdigition of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles
raphe
32
the muscle fibers are bound together with delicate areolar tissue which is condensed on the surface to form a fibrous envelope
epimysium
33
muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull (they resemble a feather)
pennate muscle
34
is one in which the tendon lies along side of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass obliquely to it (extensor digitorum longgus)
unioennate muscle
35
is one in which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle fibers pass to it from two sides ex. rectus femoris
bipennate muscle
36
mYbe arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another (acromial fibers of the deltoid) or may have the tendons lying withing its center and the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides,converging as they go (tibialis anterior)
multipennate muscle
37
all movements are the result of the coordinated action of many muscles
skeletal muscle action
38
a muscle is a prime mover when it is chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement.
prime mover
39
Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover. before a prime mover can contract, this muscle must be equally relaxed, this is brought about by nervous reflex inhibition
antagonist
40
contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently. for example, the muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk contract as this muscle to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint.
fixator
41
to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint in many locations in the body, the prime mover muscle crosses several joints before it reaches the joint at which its main actiona takes place. to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint
synergist
42
the nerve enters the muscle at anout midpoint on its deep surface,often near the margin.
motor point
43
consist of long spindle-shaped cells cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets
smooth muscles
44
a wave of contraction of the circulatory arranged fibers passes along the tube, milking the contents onward
peristalsis
45
consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other. it forms the myocardium of the heart.
cardiac muscle
46
specialized cardia muscle fibers forms
conducting system of the heart
47
site where two or more bones come together,whether or not movement occurs between them.
joints
48
three types of joints
fibrous joints, cartilaginuous joints, fibrous joints and synovial joints
49
a type of joints that the articulating surface of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue and thus very little movement is possible
fibrous joints
50
two types of cartilaginous joints
primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints
51
is one in which the bines are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage ex. epiphysis and the diaphysis of a growing bone and that the first rib and the manubrium sterni are example of sucha joint
primary catilaginous joint
52
is one in which the bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. a small amount of movement is possible. ex. joints between the vertebral bodies and the symphysis pubis
secondary cartilaginous joint
53
the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by joint cavity this arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of movement
synovial joint
54
the cavity of the joint is lined by a membrane, which extends the margins of one articular surface to those of others
synovial membrane
55
the synovial membrane is protected in the outside by a tough fibrous membrane
capsule of the joint
56
the articular surfaces are lubricated by a viscous fluid, which is produced by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
57
in certain, synovial joints, discs or wedges of fibrocartilage are interposed between the articular surfaces of the bines
articular discs
58
are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane anf the fibrous capsule or bone
fatty pads
59
uniting the bones
ligaments
60
the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat, and this permits the bones to slide on one another ex. strenoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
plain joint
61
joints thst resemble the jinge in the door, so the flexion and extension movements are possible. elbow,knee and ankle joints
hinge joints
62
a central body pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous thing and rotation is the only movement possible
pivot joints
63
have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces
conyloid joints
64
in ellipsoid joints, an elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface
ellipsoid joints
65
the articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back caroometacarpal joint
saddle joints
66
a ball shaped head of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity of another ex. shoulder and hip joint
ball and socket joint
67
prevent excessive movement in a joint, but if the stress is continued for an excessively long period, then fibropus ligaments stretch. most are composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers and are unstretchable under normal conditions
fibrous ligaments
68
a ilgament that return on their original length after stetching. composed largely of elastic tissues and can therefore regain its original length after stretching
elastic joints
69
is the major factor controlling stability
muscle tone
70
a law that a sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscle moving the joint and the skin overlaying the insertions of these muscles
hilton’s law
71
is a cord or band of con ective tissue uniting two structures
ligaments
72
is a lubricating device consisting of a closed sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. its wLls are separated by a film of viscous fluid
bursae
73
nerve fibers
motor fibers-alpha, gamma. sensory fibers.sympathetic fibers
74
are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule or bone
fatty pads
75
is a tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
synovial sheath
76
blood vessels three types
arteries, veins and capillaries
77
transport blood from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body
arteries
78
the smallest arteries
arterioles
79
joining of branches of arteries
anastomosis
80
are vessels whose terminal branches do not anastosome with branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas
anatomic end arteries
81
are vessels whose terminal branches do anastomose with those of adjacent arteries, but the caliber of the anastomosis is insufficient to keep the tissue alive should one of the arteries become blocked
functional end arteries
82
are vessels that transport blood back to the heart; many of them possess valves
veins
83
smallest veins
venules
84
venules forming larger veins
tributaries
85
tributaries commonly join with one another to form
venous plexus
86
medium-size deep arteries are often accompanied by two veins, one on each side
venae comitantes
87
are microscopic vessels in the form of a network connecting the arterioles to the venules
capillaries
88
resemble capillaries in that they are thin-walled blood vessels, but they have an irregular cross diameter and are wider than capillaries
sinusoids
89
2 things that consists lymphatic system
lymphatic tissues and lymphatic vessels
90
are a type of connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes
lymphatic tissues
91
are tubes that assist the cardiovascular system in the removal of tissue fluid from the tissue spaces of the body; the vessels the. return the fluid to the blood
lymphatic vessels
92
is the name given to tissue fluid once it has entered a lymphatic vessel
lymph
93
are a network of fine vessels that drain lymph from the tissues
lymph capillaries
94
two main parts of nervous system
the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system
95
consists of the brain and spinal cord
the central nervous system
96
which consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their associated gangllia
the peripheral nervous system
97
the CNS is composed of large numbers of nerve cells and their processes, supported by specialized tissue
neuroglia
98
is the term given to the nerve cell and all its processes
neuron
99
nerve cell has two types of processes
dendrites and axon
100
the interior of the cns is organized into
gray and white matter
101
consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia
gray matter
102
consists of nerve fibers (axons) embedded in neuroglia
white matter
103
consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia
peripheral nrvous system
104
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there that leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull
12
105
total pairs of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina in the vertebral column
31
106
names according to the region of the vertebral column with which they are associated
8 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,5 sacral, and 1 coccycgeal
107
at the root of the limbs, the anterior rami join one another to form complicated nerve plexuses. the cervial and brachial plexuses are found at the root of the upper limbs, and the lumbar and sacral plexuses are found at the root of the lower limbs
plexuses
108
the fine terminal branches of the sensory axon
dendrites
109
is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervaton of involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands throughout the body and is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
110
2 parts of autonomic nervous systerm
sympathetic, parasympathetic
111
ct and 6 (flexion of the elbow joint by tapping the biceps tendon
biceps brachii tendon reflex
112
c6,7 and 8 (extension of the elbow joint by tapping the triceps tendon
triceps tendon reflex
113
c5, 6, and 7 (supination of the radiouulnar joints by tapping the insertion of the brachioradialis tendon)
brachioradialis tendon reflex
114
(contraction of underlying abdominal muscles by stroking the skin, upper abdominal skin t6 to 7, middle abdominal skin t8 to t9,and lower abdominal skin t10 to t12
abdominal superficial reflexes
115
(knee jerk) l2,3, and 4 (extension of the knee joint on tapping the patellar tendon
patellar tendon reflex
116
ankle jerk, s1 and s2 (plantar flexion of the ankle joint on tapping the achilles tendon
achilles tendon reflex
117
the gray matter of the spinal cord, from the first thoracic segment to the second lumbar segment, possesses a lateral horn, or column, in which are located the cell bodies of the sympathetic connector neurons
efferent fibers
118
the afferent myelinated nerve fibers travel from the viscera through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing
afferent fibers
119
the connector cells of this part of the system are located. in the brain and the sacral segments of the spinal cord
efferent fibers
120
the afferent myelinated fibers travel from the viscera to their cell bodies located either in the sensory ganglia of the sacrospinal nerves
afferent fibers
121
is the name given to the lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body
mucuos membranes
122
other terms for mucous membranes
lamina propria muscularis mucosa
123
line the cavities of the trunk and reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities
serous membranes
124
serous membranes types
parietal layer, visceral layer,pleural,pericardial, peritoneal cavities and serous exudate.
125
is a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected
bine
126
two forms of bones
compact and cancellous
127
appears as a solid mass
compact bone
128
cancellous bone consists of a branching network
trabeculae
129
bines found in the limbs
long bones
130
connective tissue sheath that covers the outer part of the shaft is composed of compact bone
periosteum
131
are found in the hand and foot
short bones
132
are found in the vault if the skull ex. the frontal and parietal bones. composed of thin inner and other layers of compact bone, the tables, separated by a large if cancellous bone
flat bones
133
are small nodules of bone that ae found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces
sesamoid bones
134
the surfaces of bones show various markings or irregularities
surface markings of bones
135
the marrow cavity in long and short bines the interstices of the cancellous bone in flat and irregular bones
bine marrow
136
Fact
bone is developed by two processes:membranous and endochondral. in the first process the bone is developed directly from a connective tissue membrane, in the second, a cartilaginous model is first laid down and is lateral replaced by bone. For details of the cellular changes involved, a textbook of histology or embryology should be consulted.
137
is a form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix, the latter being responsible for its firmness and resilience
cartilage
138
three types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage,elastic cartilage
