Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, muscle, neural, connective tissue

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

Study of bones

Question 3

What are the 3 primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

Osteoblast: form bone

Osteocytes: maintain/nurture

Osteoclasts: remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratin Sulfates & Hyaluronic Acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

Collagen Type 1

Question 9

What is the primary constituents of the bone Mindel?

Answer 9

Calcium, Phosphate, Citrate & Carbonate Ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 10

Hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 12

Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension, pressure; bone is formed of absorbed in response to these same stressors

Question 13

What 3 responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 13

It has the ability to:

1. Heal
2. Remodel under stressors such as Anxiety, Tension or Pressure
3. To “age”

Question 14

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 14

Mesenchyme
and/or
cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

Intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

2nd - 3rd month in uterine

Question 17

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

The skull

Question 18

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 18

Endochondral ossification

Question 19

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification of cartilage?

Answer 19

2nd - 5th month in utero

Question 20

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral & intramembranous ossification?

Answer 20

Mandible, sphenoid, temporal, occipital

Question 21

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral & intramembranous ossification?

Answer 21

Clavicle

Question 22

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 22

Primary centers appear before birth

Secondary centers appear after birth

Question 23

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 23

Cortical or compact bone
&
spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 24

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 24

Subchondral Bone

Question 25

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 25

Periosteum

Question 26

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 26

Endosteum

Question 27

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 27

``` Sexual dimorphism (gender variation) Ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation) Geographic/population-based variation (ethnic) Idiosyncratic variation (individual variation) ```

Question 28

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male & female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 28

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 29

Differences in the number of morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on age or development variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 29

Ontogenetic variation

Question 30

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 30

Geographic variation or population based variation

Question 31

Differences in the number of morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 31

Idiosyncratic variation

Question 32

What are the 6 more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 32

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones. & sesamoid bones

Question 33

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 33

Long bones, short bones & sesamoid bones