Chapter 1

Question 1

Alternative Time Sampling

Answer 1

Time parameters that are set during a research project

Question 2

Blinding

Answer 2

The method of not giving the specifics of a project to the people participating in the research study

Question 3

case study

Answer 3

a type of research in which a single case is investigated and documented over a period of time

Question 4

certification

Answer 4

a process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care

Question 5

cohort research

Answer 5

a type of research that examines patterns of change, a sequence of events, or trends over time within a certain population of study subjects.

Question 6

continuous quality improvement (CQI)

Answer 6

a system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system

Question 7

convenience sampling

Answer 7

a type of research in which subjects are manually assigned to a to a specific person or crew rather than being randomly assigned: the least preferred components of research.

Question 8

cross-sectional design

Answer 8

a data collection method in which all data at one point in time is collected, essentially serving as a snap shot of all events and information.

Question 9

descriptive

Answer 9

a research format in which an observation of an event is made, but without attempts to alter or change it.

Question 10

emergency medical services (EMS)

Answer 10

a healthcare system designed to bring immediate on-scene care to those in need along with transport to a definitive medical care facility

Question 11

ethical

Answer 11

a behavior expected by a person or group following a set of rules.

Question 12

evidence- based practice

Answer 12

the use of practices that have been proven to be effective in improving patient outcomes

Question 13

health care professional

Answer 13

a person who follows specific professional attributes that are outlined in this profession

Question 14

inferential

Answer 14

a research format that uses a hypothesis to prove one finding from another

Question 15

institutional review board (IRB)

Answer 15

a group or institution that follows a set of requirements for review that were devised by the US public health service

Question 16

licensure

Answer 16

the process whereby a state allows qualified people to perform a regulated act.

Question 17

literature review

Answer 17

a form of research in which the existing literature is reviewed and the researcher analyzes the collection of research to draw a conclusion

Question 18

longitudinal design

Answer 18

a data collection method in which information is collected at various set time intervals and not just at one time.

Question 19

medical direction

Answer 19

direction given to an EMS service or provider by a physician.

Question 20

mobile intensive care units (MICU)

Answer 20

an early title given to an ambulance-style unit

Question 21

off-line medical control

Answer 21

Medical direction given through a set of protocols, policies, and/or standards.

Question 22

parameters

Answer 22

outlined measures that may be difficult to obtain in a research project.

Question 23

peer review

Answer 23

the process used by medical magazines, journals, and other publications to ensure quality and validity of an article before publishing it, and which involves sending the article to subject matter experts for review of the content and research methods.

Question 24

profession

Answer 24

a specialized set of knowledge, skills, and/or expertise

Question 25

prospective research

Answer 25

a type of research that gathers information as events occur in real time.

Question 26

protocol

Answer 26

a treatment plan developed for a specific illness or injury

Question 27

qualitative

Answer 27

a type of descriptive statistic in research that does not use numeric information

Question 28

quality control

Answer 28

the responsibility of the medical director to ensure that the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMS personnel on every call

Question 29

quantitative

Answer 29

a type of measurement in research that uses a mean , median and mode.

Question 30

reciprocity

Answer 30

the process of granting licensure or certification to a provider from another state or agency

Question 31

registration

Answer 31

providing information to an entity that stores it in some form of record book . in the context of EMS, records of your education , state and local licensure and recertification are held by a recognized board.

Question 32

research agenda

Answer 32

the specific question(s) that a study aims to answer and the precise methods in which the data will be gathered

Question 33

research consortium

Answer 33

a group of agencies working together to study a particular topic

Question 34

research domain

Answer 34

the area ( clinical, systems, or education) that will be impacted by the study

Question 35

retrospective research

Answer 35

research preformed from current available information

Question 36

sampling errors

Answer 36

expected errors that occur in the sampling phase of research

Question 37

standing orders

Answer 37

a type of protocol that is a written document signed by the EMS systems medical director that outlines specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care that is rendered prior to contacting medical control

Question 38

systemic sampling

Answer 38

a computer-generated list of subjects or groups of research

Question 39

trauma systems

Answer 39

the collaboration of prehospital and in-hospital medicine that focuses on optimizing the use of resources and assets of each with a preliminary goal of reducing the mortality and morbidity of trauma patients

Question 40

unblinded study

Answer 40

a type of study in which the subjects are advised of all aspects of the study

Question 41

The White Paper of 1966

Answer 41

1, Develop collaborative strategies to identify and address community health and safty issues 2, Align the financial incentives of EMS and other healthcare providers and papers 3, Participate in community-based prevention efforts 4, Develop and persue a national EMS-research agenda 5, Pass EMS legislation in each state to support innovation and integration 6, Allocate adequate resources for medical direction 7, Develop information systems that link EMS across its continuum 8, Determine the cost and benefits of EMS to the community 9, Ensure nationwide availability of 9-1-1 as the emergency telephone number 10, Ensure that all calls for emergency help are automatically accompanied by location- identifying information

Question 42

The White Paper findings

Answer 42

1. A lack of uniform laws and standards 2. Ambulances and equipment were of poor quality 3. Lack of communication between EMS and hopitals 4. Lack of personnel training 5. Hospitals only had part time staff 6. More people died in motor vehicle accidents then in the Vietnam war

Question 43

The Emergency Medical Services Act of 1973

Answer 43

Required Components of an EMS system 1. Integration of health systems 2. EMS research 3. Legislation and regulation 4. System finance 5. Human resources 6. Medical direction 7. Education and training systems 8. Public access and education 9. Prevention 10. Transportation 11. Communication systems 12. Clinical care facilities 13. Patient information and education systems 14. Mutual aid agreements 15. Evaluation

Question 44

The National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration ( 1980s/1990s)

Answer 44

EMS system elements 1. Regulation and policy 2. Resource Management 3. Human resources and Training 4. Transportation 5. Facilities 6. Communication 7. Public information and education 8. Medical Direction 9. Trauma systems 10. Evaluation

Question 45

Father of Paramedicine

Answer 45

Dr. Eugene Nagel

Question 46

Developed mouth to mouth resuscitation in 1956

Answer 46

Drs. Elan and Safar

Question 47

Developed the first portable defibrilator

Answer 47

John Hopkins Hospital

Question 48

The National Highway Safety Act of 1966

Answer 48

Developed from the White paper, created the US Department of Transportation ( USDOT) to provide authority and financial support for the development of basic and advance life support programs.

Question 49

4 levels of EMS training

Answer 49

1. Emergency Medical Responder ( EMR)- Trained in First Aid and CPR 2. Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)- Trained in advanced airway intervention, limited medication administration, and intravenous fluid therapy( this expanded scope is not recognized by the National EMS Education standards) 3. Advanced Emergency Medical Technician ( AEMT)- Trained in more advanced pathophysiology as well as some advanced procedures such as establishing IV access, administering IV fluids, performing blood glucose monitoring, and performing some advanced airway management. 4. Paramedic- Trained in all levels of EMS, function under licensed physician and employed py a paramedic - level service.