Chapter 1

Question 1

Our understanding of emotions is still developing.

True or false

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which founder of emotion theorized that emotion is the perception of changes in our bodies as we react to a stimulus.

Answer 2

William James

Question 3

The consensus for emotion researchers is that emotions are ?

Answer 3

Locally rational

Emotions let us deal adaptively with concerns specific to our context

Question 4

What happened to Phineas Gage?

Answer 4

A metal rod fully passed through his head, leaving him irritable and unreliable

Question 5

I don’t really know why, but I’be been somewhat irritable the past few days. In this case irritable is best described as an example of a ….

Answer 5

Mood

Question 6

What conclusions do the textbook authors describe after summarizing the leading theories of emotion?

Answer 6

There is a behavioral, physiological, and experiential facet of emotion

Question 7

________ suggested ______ shaped our emotional expressions?

Answer 7

Charles Darwin; evolution

Evolutionary approach

Question 8

William James

Answer 8

The emotion is the perception of changes of our body as we react to that fact

physiological approach

Question 9

Who were the first to discussed emotions in 1500 BCE and ~170 CE?

Answer 9

1500 BCE : ancient Egyptians described emotions

~170 CE: Galen of Pergamon , a Greek, writes on how to use “talk therapy” to alter emotions

Question 10

Emotion

Answer 10

A psychological state that mediates between our concerns (or goals) and events of our world

Ex: anger motivating a solution to perceived wrongdoing by someone else

Question 11

Emotions are thought to be important for :

Answer 11

Motivating action: survival and adaptation; planning for the future

Depriving meaning: attempting to understand particular events

Question 12

For emotions to be functional, they should prepare us to what ?

Answer 12

Act

Question 13

Function of emotions (3)

Answer 13

Emotions :

• signal to an organism those events or situations that are significant, harmful or favorable
• motivate adaptive behavior
• act as positive or negative reinforces

Question 14

Common-sense emotion theory

Answer 14

Event —> experience—-> adaptive behavior / physiology

Question 15

Function and action tendency of fear, happiness, anger and sadness ?

Answer 15

Fear: to avoid harm; avoidance behavior

Happiness: to permit consummatory behavior; being-with/approach

Anger: to regain control; attack/threat

Sadness: to cease attempt to attain unrealizable goal; disengagement

Question 16

Emotions are associated with ?

Components (5)

Answer 16

Subjective feeling

Expression (face,voice, body)

Physiological changes

Action (tendency )

Cognition (“appraisal “)

Question 17

Discrete approach

Answer 17

Happy, sad, angry disgusted , fearful , surprised are all categorically different

Question 18

Dimensional approach

Answer 18

All discrete emotions can be explained by superordinate dimensions

Ex: valence and activation/ arousal

Question 19

Dimensional approach

Pro and con ?

Answer 19

Pro: useful, makes it easy to assess self-reported feelings

Con: limited by their dimensions; unclear whether anger, disgust, and awe be on the same axes

Question 20

Seconds-minutes is ?

Answer 20

Expressions

Autonomic changes

Question 21

Minutes-hours ?

Answer 21

Self-reported emotions

Question 22

Hours-months ?

Answer 22

Moods

Question 23

Weeks-years ?

Answer 23

emotional disorders

Question 24

Years-lifetime ?

Answer 24

Personality traits

Question 25

Four theoretical perspectives on emotion

Answer 25

Darwinian Jamesian Cognitive Social constructivist

Question 26

Darwinian Definition ? What Approach ? Study what?

Answer 26

Evolution defines emotions Evolutionary approach Study: expressions in animals and human photos

Question 27

Darwinian theory of evolution and natural selection applied to emotion implies ?

Answer 27

Animals must have some form of emotions Emotions are innate Emotions are functional and adaptive

Question 28

Jamesian Definition? What approach ?

Answer 28

The body is where emotions begin Physiological approach

Question 29

The perception of bodily changes in response to outward events creates emotion. Which theory ?

Answer 29

Jamesian

Question 30

Emotion refers to _______ feeling ?

Answer 30

Subjective

Question 31

James-Lange theory steps

Answer 31

Event —-> adaptive physiology—-> experience

Question 32

Jamesian suggested emotions are what ?

Answer 32

Adaptive; they have survival value Each emotion must be accompanied by a unique pattern of bodily response

Question 33

Cognitive Definition?

Answer 33

Our thoughts are where emotions begin Thought and emotion are inseparable Emotions arise because of appraisal, the process by which events are judge good or bad

Question 34

Two factor model

Answer 34

Event —-> thoughts and adaptive behavior /physiology —-> experience

Question 35

Cognitive theories propose ?

Answer 35

That discrete emotions are elicited by a unique combination of specific appraisal dimensions Appraisals are not necessarily deliberate

Question 36

Social constructivist Definition ?

Answer 36

Emotions only exist within the complex social circumstances within which they are expressed

Question 37

Social constructivists believe emotions are?

Answer 37

- products of culture and experience - a transitory social role - cultural products of learned social rules

Question 38

Which theory believes emotions are associated with the attitudes, beliefs, judgments, and desires that reflect the values of particular events

Answer 38

Social constructivist

Question 39

According to social constructivists emotions are constructed by _______ to serve _______ ______.

Answer 39

Culture; social functions

Question 40

Modal Model of emotion

Answer 40

Emotions arise when an individual attends to a situation and they involve changes in the domains of subjective experience, behavior , and central and peripheral physiology

Question 41

Emotion generative cycle components

Answer 41

``` Situation | Attention | Appraisal | Multisystem response ``` *emotions can occur by the mix of these four things