Chapter 1

Question 1

Socio-Emotional domain of development

Answer 1

Social,cultural and emotional components of development such as family,society, schools and other institutions

Question 2

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 2

Assumption that specific human traits and behaviours develop over the lifespan and are maintained throughout history because those characteristics are adaptive for survival

Question 3

Developmental Perspective

Answer 3

Approach and basic set of assumptions that guide the scientific study of growth and maturation across the human lifespan

Question 4

Developmental Psychology

Answer 4

Sub-field of psychology concerned with studying and understanding human growth and behaviour

Question 5

Developmental Continuity

Answer 5

Characteristic or feature of an individual that stays the same as a person matures through the lifespan

Question 6

Developmental Discontinuity

Answer 6

Characteristic or feature of an individual that changes as a person matures through the lifespan

Question 7

Developmental Stability

Answer 7

Person is developing at the same rate as their peers

Question 8

Developmental Instability

Answer 8

Person is developing at a different rate than their peers

Question 9

Normative Event

Answer 9

Event that matches the sequential and historical events shared by the majority of people

Question 10

Non-normative event

Answer 10

Incident that does not happen to everyone or that happens at a different time that typically experienced by others

Question 11

SES- socio-economic status

Answer 11

Combination of a person’s education,occupation, and income

Question 12

ID

Answer 12

1/3 components of the mind- Represents instincts

Question 13

EGO

Answer 13

1/3 components of the mind- part of the mind that deals with reality and mediates between the ID instincts and superego morals

Question 14

SUPEREGO

Answer 14

1/3 components of the mind- represents the internalised rules for socially appropriate behaviour

Question 15

Stage theory

Answer 15

Theory that rests on the assumption that development is discontinuous, with new features of development emerging at each distinct stage

Question 16

Ego identity- Erikson

Answer 16

In Erikson’s psychosocial theory where a sense of oneself as distinct and continuous entity achieved

Question 17

Schema - Piaget

Answer 17

Organised pattern of thinking that guides our experience in the world

Question 18

Equilibrium

Answer 18

A state or cognitive balance

Question 19

Assimilation

Answer 19

Process to expand a schema by adding information

Question 20

Accommodation

Answer 20

Process to create a new schema in response to information

Question 21

Guided Participation

Answer 21

Process in which a more experienced teacher becomes an interactive guide,helping a younger or less experienced person do tasks that they could not completely independently

Question 22

Scaffold

Answer 22

Process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports, which may be verbal or physical

Question 23

Zone of proximal development [ZPD] Vygotsky

Answer 23

Term for the range of tasks that a person cannot accomplish independently but that can be done with the assistance of a person with more experience or more advanced cognitive ability

Question 24

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov

Answer 24

Type of learning that occurs when an original stimulus acquires a capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus ex. dog salivate when they smell food

Question 25

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 25

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction Ex: the food

Question 26

Unconditioned Response

Answer 26

Reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus Ex: salivating to the food

Question 27

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 27

Stimulus that does not elicit a natural reaction Ex: an association between the food and the bell

Question 28

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 28

Previously neutral stimulus that reliably produces a response after conditioning Ex: the bell

Question 29

Conditioned Response

Answer 29

Response that is reliably produced by a conditioned stimulus Ex: salivating in response to the bell

Question 30

Behaviourism

Answer 30

Theoretical perspective on learning that assumes human development occurs as a result of experiences shaping behaviour

Question 31

Operant Conditioning

Answer 31

Learning process through which the likelihood of a specific behaviour is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement

Question 32

law of effect - E.L Thorndicke

Answer 32

the law that behaviour that is followed by a positive outcome tends to be repeated and behaviour that is followed by a negative outcome tends not to be repeated

Question 33

Ethological Perspective

Answer 33

Theory that assumes that human development is an outcome of individual experiences in the social environment that provide information about which behaviours should be adopted to increase chances of survival