Chapter 1

Question 1

The six functional categories for surfactants

Answer 1

Cleansing agents
Emulsifying agents
Foam booster
Hydrotropes
Solubilizing agents
Suspending agents

Question 2

(T/F) Alkylamido alkyl amines are soluble in water?

Answer 2

True, generally sold as salts or free acids and compatible with most cosmetic surfactants

Question 3

(T/F) alkylamido alkyl amines are good cleansing agents and emulsify ingredients readily

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Alkyl substituted amino acids _____ copiously, especially above their isoelectric point

Answer 4

Foam; at low pH they behave like cationics and foam poorly

Question 5

The five major classes of ionic surfactants

Answer 5

Acylated amino acids and acyl peptides
Carboxylic acids and salts
Sulfonic acid derivatives
Sulfuric acid derivatives
Phosphoric acid derivatives

Question 6

(T/F) Alkylamido alkyl amines are soluble in water?

Answer 6

True, generally sold as salts or free acids and compatible with most cosmetic surfactants

Question 7

(T/F) alkylamido alkyl amines are good cleansing agents and emulsify ingredients readily

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Alkyl substituted amino acids _____ copiously, especially above their isoelectric point

Answer 8

Foam; at low pH they behave like cationics and foam poorly

Question 9

The five major classes of ionic surfactants

Answer 9

Acylated amino acids and acyl peptides
Carboxylic acids and salts
Sulfonic acid derivatives
Sulfuric acid derivatives
Phosphoric acid derivatives

Question 10

Acyl sarcosinates act like soaps due to:

Answer 10

Their carboxyl group has a lower pKa than typical fatty acids

Question 11

Acylated amino acids interact readily with hair due to:

Answer 11

Protein-protein interaction unrelated to charge

Question 12

Acylated amino acids are prone to spoilage from

Answer 12

Microbial attack

Question 13

Which fatty acid salts are more soluble potassium or sodium?

Answer 13

Potassium

Question 14

The reason fatty acid salts form soap scum

Answer 14

They precipitate in aqueous systems

Question 15

Water soluble soaps (fatty acid salts) are under the surfactant class

Answer 15

Cleansing agent

Question 16

Insoluble fatty acids salts (e.g. zinc laurate) are used as:

Answer 16

Lubricating solids to improve flow properties, act as binders, and increase viscosity in non aqueous systems

Question 17

Water soluble soap salts form what type of emulsion

Answer 17

O/w

Question 18

Water insoluble soaps form what type of emulsion

Answer 18

W/o

Question 19

Ether-functional carboxylic acids are known to:

Answer 19

Reduce skin irritation potential of other anionic surfactants and are generally milder themselves

Question 20

In aqueous solutions, isothionates and taurates:

Answer 20

Tend to undergo self hydrolysis

Question 21

Alkylaryl sulfonates are very useful as:

Answer 21

Hydrotropes as they can enhance water solubility of other surfactants especially in the presence of inorganic detergent builders

Question 22

Alkylaryl sulfonates are often blended with conditioning agents because:

Answer 22

They leave an unpleasant taut sensation on the skin

Question 23

Sulfosuccinic acid is subject to hydrolysis :

Answer 23

At extreme ph levels

Question 24

Sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfonate is commonly used in:

Answer 24

Dentifrices (powder or paste for cleaning teeth)

Question 25

Sulfuric acid derivatives are not used at acidic ph due to

Answer 25

Hydrolysis

Question 26

Alkyl sulfates generally form complexes with

Answer 26

Quaternaries or cationics

Question 27

Interest in phosphoric acid esters has increased due to:

Answer 27

Reports that they elicit less irritation on skin than analogous esters of sulfuric acid

Question 28

The solubility of the resulting phosphate ester is predetermined by:

Answer 28

The polarity of the starting alcohol

Question 29

Phosphate esters are resistant to hydrolysis except under

Answer 29

Extremely low pH levels

Question 30

Define Lecithin and where are they commonly obtained

Answer 30

Phosphatide that has been esterified with a positively charge choline. Lecithin is isolated from natural sources such as eggs or soybeans

Question 31

Name the three sub groups of cationics surfactants

Answer 31

Quaternaries Alkyl amines Alkyl imidazolines

Question 32

Quaternaries are typically used at low levels for:

Answer 32

Conditioning or antimicrobial effects

Question 33

Benzalkonium chloride is a great ______ the effect of which is dependent upon ______

Answer 33

Antimicrobial agent | Length of the alkyl chain (C10-C14 most effective)

Question 34

Benzalkonium salts are not compatible with:

Answer 34

Anionic surfactants

Question 35

Alkyl betaines must be purified carefully or they will be contaminated with

Answer 35

Starting materials (alkyldimethylamine and chloroacetic acid) and glycolic acid

Question 36

Betaines are compatible with all surfactants but may for complexes with:

Answer 36

Anionics near their isoelectric pH

Question 37

Betaines are often used in baby shampoos due to their ____

Answer 37

Mildness and ability to lower irritation of anionics

Question 38

Which surfactant is reported to reduce the protein swelling of hair and reduce irritation potential of alkyl sulfates

Answer 38

Betaines

Question 39

Alkyl amines are generally basic and not compatible with _____, ethoxylation increases their compatibility with ______ (usually)

Answer 39

Anionics

Question 40

As a group alkylamines are used as:

Answer 40

Emulsifying and dispersing agent’s

Question 41

Name the five subgroups of nonionics

Answer 41

``` Alcohols Esters Ethers Alkanolamides Amine Oxides ```

Question 42

Care is needed when using alcohols because they can

Answer 42

Recrystallize

Question 43

(T/F) | Alcohols can be used as primary surfactants

Answer 43

False, but they can contribute surfactant like properties in the presence of other amphiphiles

Question 44

Ethoxylated glycerides are under the surfactant classes:

Answer 44

Emulsifier, suspending agent, and solubilizer

Question 45

When monogylcerides are added viscosity usually

Answer 45

Increases

Question 46

Surfactant class of polyglyceryl esters

Answer 46

Emulsifier

Question 47

What is the typical alkyl chain length of primary alcohols used as surfactants?

Answer 47

8-18

Question 48

Polyglycerol esters primary surfactant class

Answer 48

Emulsifying agent

Question 49

Ethoxylated carboxylic acids surfactant class and uses

Answer 49

Emulsifying and solubilizing agents. Also useful as opacifying agents

Question 50

In general, nonionics HLB depends on

Answer 50

The degree of ethoxylation

Question 51

Surfactant class of sorbitan esters

Answer 51

Emulsifiers and solubilizer

Question 52

Surfactant class of ethoxylated polysiloxanes

Answer 52

Emulsifying agents especially for silicone oils

Question 53

Surfactant class of ethoxylated lanolin and castor oil

Answer 53

Emulsifier, solubilizer, suspending agent and skin cleanser

Question 54

Alkyl glycosides exhibit low stability at

Answer 54

Low pH levels due to the acetal moiety

Question 55

POE/PPG ether surfactant class

Answer 55

Emulsifiers, solubilizer, and lime soap dispersants.

Question 56

Which surfactant has been considered safe for parenteral nutrition emulsions?

Answer 56

PPG/POE ethers

Question 57

Alkanolamide surfactant class

Answer 57

Foam boosters and foam stabilizers

Question 58

Amine oxides surfactant class

Answer 58

Foam boosters and lime soap dispersants

Question 59

Which surfactant is typically used in hair-coloring products and reduces skin irritation of anionic surfactants

Answer 59

Amine oxides