Chapter 1

Question 1

How do bacteria compare to eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Outnumber them 10 to 1

Question 2

What does the function of a tissue depend on?

Answer 2

The function of the cell it is made of

Question 3

What are the parts of the cell theory?

Answer 3

1) All living things composed of cells
2) Cell is the basic functional unit of life
3) Cells arise only from pre existing cells
4) cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA and it is passed from parent to daughter cell

Question 4

Why are viruses not living organisms?

Answer 4

They cannot replicate on their own and do no usually contain RNA

Question 5

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Eukaryotic contain a true nucleus

Question 6

How to eukaryotic cells reproduce?

Answer 6

Mitosis

Question 7

What do nuclear pores allow for?

Answer 7

Selective change of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 8

What are the coding regions of DNA?

Answer 8

Genes

Question 9

How are linear chromosomes formed?

Answer 9

Linear DNA wrapped around proteins called histones then wound further into linear chromosomes

Question 10

What does location of DNA in nucleus allow for?

Answer 10

Compartmentalization of DNA transcription separate from translation

Question 11

What is the site of rRNA synthesis?

Answer 11

Nucleolus

Question 12

How do mitochondria replicate?

Answer 12

Through fission

Question 13

What does the mitochondria initiate?

Answer 13

Apoptosis

Question 14

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 14

Hydrolytic enzymes that break down substrates

Question 15

What happens when lysosomes release their hydrolytic enzymes?

Answer 15

Results in apoptosis

Question 16

Functions of smooth ER

Answer 16

Detoxification
Allows for transport of proteins between RER and Golgi
Synthesizes lipids

Question 17

Function of Golgi

Answer 17

Receives things from ER and performs modification by adding things like carbs, phosphates, and sulfates

Question 18

Why does the Golgi add signal sequences?

Answer 18

Ensure the products travel to a specific location

Question 19

What happens after modification by the Golgi?

Answer 19

Products are put into vesicles and sent to respective cell locations

Question 20

How do products leave the cell thru vesicles?

Answer 20

The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and are released via exocytosis

Question 21

What do peroxisomes contain?

Answer 21

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 22

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 22

Break down FAs via beta oxidation
Synthesize phospholipids
Contain enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

Question 23

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

Answer 23

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

Question 24

What are microfilaments made of?

Answer 24

Rods of actin that are organized into bundles and resistant to compression and fracture

Question 25

How do microfilaments generate energy for movement?

Answer 25

By using ATP to interact wth myosin like in muscle contractions

Question 26

How are microfilaments involved in mitosis?

Answer 26

Cleavage furrow in mitosis is formed from microfilaments which organize as a ring at the site of cell division

Question 27

What happens when actin contracts?

Answer 27

The ring that was formed by microfilaments becomes smaller and pinches off connection between the cells in mitosis

Question 28

What are microtubules?

Answer 28

Hollow polymers of tubular proteins

Question 29

Function of microtubules?

Answer 29

Radiate throughout the cell, providing pathway thru which motor proteins (kinesis and dynein) carry vesicles

Question 30

What are cilia and flagella?

Answer 30

Both are motile structures composed of microtubules Cilia primarily move materials along cell surface (e.g. in respiratory tract) Flagella move actual cell (e.g. sperm)

Question 31

What is the overall structure of cilia and flagella

Answer 31

9+2 | This structure seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility

Question 32

What are contrioles and where are they found?

Answer 32

Found in centrosome | Organizing centers of microtubules

Question 33

Structure of centrioles?

Answer 33

9 triplets of microtubules with hollow center

Question 34

What do centrioles do during mitosis?

Answer 34

Travel to opposite sides of dividing cell to stabilize mitotic spindle

Question 35

What do the microtubules attached to centrioles do?

Answer 35

Attached to kinetochores and Pull sister chromatids apart

Question 36

Examples of intermediate filaments?

Answer 36

Keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins