Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a form of data distinction? i.e. how can data be defined? types of scale etc

Answer 1

Data can be defined into continuous or discrete or dichotomous variables

Question 2

What is a continuous style of data?

Answer 2

they are measured on a scale that changes smoothly

Question 3

With a continuous scale, what is precision limited by

Answer 3

Precision is limited by the measuring instrument, not by the scale itself

Question 4

What is a measurement type that incorporates rank?

Answer 4

An ordinal scale

Question 5

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Answer 5

Descriptive statistics describe samples of subject in terms of variables or combinations of variables. inferential statistical techniques test hypotheses about differences in populations on the basis of measurements made on samples of subjects. If reliable differences are found, descriptive statistics are then used to provide estimations on central tendency, and the like.

Question 6

What is Orthogonality?

Answer 6

Orthogonality is a perfect non association between variables. If two variables are orthogonal, knowing the value of one variable gives no clue as to the value of the other, the correlation between them is zero

Question 7

What are variances?

Answer 7

averaged squared deviations of each score from the mean of the scores

Question 8

What are covariances?

Answer 8

averaged cross products (product of the deviation between one variable and its mean and the deviation between the second variable and its mean)

Question 9

What is the residual?

Answer 9

The residual is the difference between the predicted and the obtained value and is a measure of error prediction.

Question 10

What is the bivariate r?

Answer 10

Is bivariate correlation and measures the degree of relationship between two continuous variables. There is no distinction necessary between IV and DV.

bivariate regression predicts a score on one variable from knowledge of the score on another variable.

Question 11

multiple r

Answer 11

multiple correlation assesses the degree to which one continuous variable (the DV) is related to a set of other (usually) continuous variables (the IVS) that have been combined to create a new, composite, variable.

Multiple regression is used to predict the score on the DV from scores of several IVs

Question 12

What is factor analysis?

Answer 12

When a researcher believes that responses to many different questions are driven by just a few underlying structures called factors.