Chapter 1

Question 1

Define anatomy

Answer 1

Study of form/structure

Question 2

Define physiology

Answer 2

Study of function (how to works)

Question 3

List 4 ways to examine anatomy

Answer 3

Inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate

Question 4

Define dissection

Answer 4

Cut and separate tissues

Question 5

Define comparative anatomy

Answer 5

Study to compare species for similarities and differences, and evolutionary trends

Question 6

List the 7 subdivisions of anatomy (C.H.U.G.M.E.H.)

Answer 6

Cytology
Histology
Ultrastructure
Gross anatomy
Medical imaging 
Exploratory surgery
Histopathology

Question 7

Cytology

Answer 7

Study and structure of cells

Question 8

Histology

Answer 8

Examine cells under microscope (aka microscopic anatomy)

Question 9

Ultrastructure

Answer 9

Use electron microscope to examine molecules

Question 10

Gross anatomy

Answer 10

Seen with the naked eye

Question 11

Medical imaging

Answer 11

Radiology, view body without surgery

Question 12

Exploratory surgery

Answer 12

Actual surgery

Question 13

Histopathology

Answer 13

Examine tissues via microscope (cancer cells, etc.)

Question 14

Name the 3 sub-disciplines of physiology (P.E.N.)

Answer 14

Pathophysiology
Endocrinology
Neurophysiology

Question 15

Pathophysiology

Answer 15

Disease process

Question 16

Endocrinology

Answer 16

Physiology of hormones

Question 17

Neurophysiology

Answer 17

Physiology of nervous system

Question 18

Name method for studying microscopic STRUCTURE of the liver

Answer 18

Cytology

Question 19

Name the method for microscopically examining the liver tissue

Answer 19

Histopathology

Question 20

Define comparative physiology

Answer 20

• Use different species for research
• Limit human experiments
• Tests and procedures on animals
• Basis to develop new drugs and procedures

Question 21

Who is Hippocrates

Answer 21

Father of Medicine
Greek physician
Hippocratic Oath (code of ethics)
Urged physicians to no longer attribute disease to gods and demons

Question 22

Who is Aristotle

Answer 22

He argues complex structures come from simples ones

Question 23

Who is Claudius Galen

Answer 23

Influential medical textbook w/ Aristotle
Did animal dissections ONLY
Made inaccurate claims since unable to dissect humans

Question 24

Who is Ibn Sina

Answer 24

“Galen of Islam” or “Avicenna”
Famous book Canon of Medicine
Combined findings of Galen & Aristotle

Question 25

Who is Andreas Vesalius

Answer 25

Proved Galen was inaccurate Did cadaver dissections 1at to publish atlas of anatomy 1543

Question 26

Who is William Harvey

Answer 26

Key scientist for physiology | Studied blood circulation

Question 27

Who is Autony van Leeuwenhook

Answer 27

Invented simple/single lens microscope | Intended purpose: examine weave of fabrics

Question 28

Who is Robert Hooke

Answer 28

Invented compound/2 lens microscope

Question 29

Who are Mathias Schleiden & Theodore Schwann (Schleiden and Schwann)

Answer 29

Cell theory | Organisms are composed of cells

Question 30

Who are the main influencers of the scientific method?

Answer 30

Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances)

Question 31

What did Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances) create?

Answer 31

Scientific method. Created system to rule out similarities, differences, trends and generalizations from facts. They set the standards.

Question 32

What the are 2 scientific methods?

Answer 32

Inductive method and hypothetico-deductive method.

Question 33

Inductive method

Answer 33

Conclusion is reached after REPEATED observation. • reliable • testable • anatomy is product of this method

Question 34

Is anatomy or physiology a product of inductive method?

Answer 34

Anatomy

Question 35

Hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 35

``` 5 steps • observe/ask a question • hypothesis • predict • experiment • conclusion/theory ```

Question 36

Is anatomy or physiology a product of hypothetico-deductive method?

Answer 36

Physiology

Question 37

Falsifiability

Answer 37

Conclusion can be proven false with new evidence

Question 38

What is Charles Darwin famous for?

Answer 38

* natural selection | * book: Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 39

Evolution

Answer 39

Change in genetic composition

Question 40

Natural selection

Answer 40

* hereditary advantages (camouflage) | * able to reproduce more off spring

Question 41

Selection pressures

Answer 41

Natural forces promote higher reproductivity success than others

Question 42

List the 7 levels of organization from smallest to largest (hierarchy of complexity)

Answer 42

* molecules * organelles * cells * tissues * organs * organ system * organism

Question 43

List the 7 levels of organization from largest to smallest (hierarchy of complexity)

Answer 43

* organism * organ system * organs * tissues * cell * organelles * molecules

Question 44

What are atoms

Answer 44

Smallest particles

Question 45

Molecules

Answer 45

Made of 2 or more atoms

Question 46

Organelles

Answer 46

Structures within a cell carry out its function

Question 47

List example of organelle

Answer 47

Mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 48

List example of molecules

Answer 48

H2O

Question 49

Cells

Answer 49

Smallest unit of an organism

Question 50

List example of cells

Answer 50

RBC, skin cells

Question 51

Tissue

Answer 51

Group of similar cells that form an organ

Question 52

List 4 examples of tissue

Answer 52

* epithelial * connective * muscular * nervous

Question 53

Organ

Answer 53

2 or more tissue types carry out particular function

Question 54

List example of organ

Answer 54

Heart

Question 55

Organ systems

Answer 55

Body has 11 organ systems | Group of organs make a system

Question 56

List example of organ systems

Answer 56

Digestive, circulatory

Question 57

Organism

Answer 57

Complete individual (human)

Question 58

List the 2 theories of human structure

Answer 58

Reductionism and holism