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Environmental BioTech and Waste Management > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a microbial fuel cell?

A

A bio-electrochemical system that produces electric current using the electrons produced by oxidation of organic material by bacteria, and oxygen as an electron acceptor.

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2
Q

What happens at the anode?

A

The electrons produced by anaerobic oxidation are collected

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3
Q

What happens at the cathode?

A

The oxygen bought in by the wave movement, acts as the electron acceptor at the cathode.

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4
Q

Cathode rn?

A

electron+4(Hydrogen Ions)+Oxygen= 2(Water)

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5
Q

Electron Donor?

A

The organic matter produces electrons by the anaerobic digestion by bacteria.(At Anode)

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6
Q

Electron Acceptor?

A

The oxygen molecules at cathode.

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7
Q

What is a live sediment?

A

The organic matter that produces electricity when electrodes are inserted into it.

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8
Q

The unit of power generation at electrode interface

A

W/m2

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9
Q

How to increase the electricity produced?

A

By introducing more feed.

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10
Q

What happens when electrodes are introduced into a sterile control?

A

No current is produced, which implies that MOs are required for electricity production.

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11
Q

Direction of travel of current in a MFC?

A

Anode to Cathode

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12
Q

What are the steps of anaerobic digestion?

A

Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis

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13
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The process by which complex biomolecules are broken down into simpler ones.

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14
Q

Anaerobic digestion flowchart.

A

Draw it!

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15
Q

Haber-Bosch Process?

A

N2+3H2===2NH3 (at 200 atm pressure and 450 degC temp)

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16
Q

The enzyme found in prokaryotes which help in nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogenase

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17
Q

Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation rn?

A

8e- + 8H++ N2 === 2NH3+H2

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18
Q

Application of bioengineering in nitrogenase system?

A

The amalgamation of photosystems(from plants) and nitrogenase system(from prokaryotes) to produce hydrogen. (continuous system to produce hydrogen)

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19
Q

Explain the roles of the components of the plant-bacteria hybrid system

A

Photosystem produces the electrons and ATP, and the nitrogenase system converts it into hydrogen

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20
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis characters:

A

Spore forming, they produce the Bt toxin

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21
Q

In what form is the toxin stored in the bacterium?

A

Protoxin(inactive)

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22
Q

Where are they stored inside the bacterium?

A

Parasporal bodies

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23
Q

What are parasporal bodies?

A

They are crystalline structures found in the core of endospores, and they house endotoxins.

24
Q

modus operandi of the Bt toxin

A

insect ingests the parasporal body—-proteolytic cleavage of the parasporal body–release of the Bt toxin—the toxin gets embedded in the membrane of the gut epithelial cells—this causes loss of ATP—insects stop feeding, gets dehydrated and dies.

25
Q

structure of glyphosate

A

draw and verify

26
Q

structure of glycine

A

draw and verify

27
Q

What are glyphosates?

A

They are synthetic compounds, similar to glycines. They act as herbicides.

28
Q

What does glyphosate do?

A

They inhibit the production of a key enzyme in plants and animals which is important for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids.

29
Q

Where was glyphosate resistance gene initially discovered?

A

E.Coli

30
Q

How does the glyphosate resistance gene help the transgenic plants?

A

by allowing the plant to produce enough enzymes so that they can produce amino acids even when their own enzyme is inactivated by glyphosate.

31
Q

MeHg+ modus operandi

A

They bind to the DNA and RNA causing diseases

32
Q

What are the two genes which were found in pure cultures of bacteria which had the capacity to detoxify mercury?

A

MerA and MerB

33
Q

Which is the most abundant form of mercury?

A

Hg(II)

34
Q

MerA,MerB reaction equation

A

Write and verify

35
Q

MerB modus operandi

A

MerB contains organomercurial lyase, which converts MeHg+ to Hg(II)

36
Q

MerA modus operandi

A

MerA contains mercuric reductase, which reacts with NADPH to convert Hg(II) into elemental mercury Hg(o)

37
Q

Example of a transgenic plant with Hg detox property

A

Bezily et al, transferred and expressed MerAB in Arabidopsis thaliana

38
Q

Structure of PHA

A

Draw and verify

39
Q

PHA- Abbreviation

A

Polyhydroxyalkanoate

40
Q

What are PHAs?

A

They are cellular reserve material formed by certain microbes during stress conditions.

41
Q

Abbreviations of HB and HV?

A

Hydroxubutyrate, Hydroxyvalerate

42
Q

Structure of HB-HV polyester

A

Draw and verify

43
Q

In which organism was a random polyester of HB and HV found?

A

Ralstronia cutrophus cultured with glucose and propionic acid formed this polyester

44
Q

Perks of HB-HV polyester

A

Higher melting point than HB alone, better mechanical and processing characteristics

45
Q

Example for commercial bioplastic

A

“Biopol”- Imperial Chemical Industries, UK (1980s)

46
Q

How can we detect SARS-CoV-2 early?

A

Small RNA fragments of the virus from the human body can be found un sewage, which can be detected to establish their presence.

47
Q

Elaborate on the similarity of infectious viruses in animals and humans.

A

Genome sequence comparisons confirm that there is only slight differences between the viruses, they differ by only two amino acids.

48
Q

HACCP Abbreviation

A

Hazard analysis critical control points

49
Q

What is HACCP?

A

Process which guarantees the production of safe drinking water and food.

50
Q

What are POAs in HACCP?

A

Point of attention

51
Q

What are CCPs in HACCP?

A

Critical control points

52
Q

What are QRAs in HACCP?

A

Quantitative risk assessment

53
Q

What is RO,MF and UV?

A

Reverse Osmosis, Microfiltration,UltraViolet

54
Q

Abbreviate DESAR

A

Decentralized Sanitation Principle

55
Q

What is DESAR?

A

Instead of opting for a centralized sewage network, waste is treated onsite.

Environmental BioTech and Waste Management (1 decks)

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