Chapter 1

Question 1

Ventral

Answer 1

inferioir, or towars the bottom of the brain.

Question 2

BOLD

Answer 2

blood oxygen level-dependent.

explanation: what the MRI measures (functional magnetic resonanace imaging.

Question 3

Bottom-up processing

Answer 3

processing the is directly influenced by environmetal stimuli.

Question 4

Top-down processing

Answer 4

processing that is influenced by factors such as the individual past experience and excpectation

Question 5

Case-series study

Answer 5

researching several brain-demaged individuals, which allows consideration of individual data and variation across patients.

Question 6

Sulcus

Answer 6

a groove or furrow in the surface of the brain.

Question 7

Syndrome

Answer 7

the notion that sympotms that often co-occur have a common origin.

Question 8

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 8

technique (therapy) in which magnetic pulses briefly disrupt the functioning of a given brain area, which causes a short-lived “lesion”.

Question 9

Cognitive neuroscience

behaviour and brain focused

Answer 9

an approach that aims to understand human cognition by combining information from behaviour and the brain.

Question 10

Cognitive psychology

behaviour focused

Answer 10

an approach that aims to understand human cognition by the study of behaviour; a broader definition also defines it including the brain activity and structure.

Question 11

Cognitve architecture

Answer 11

a comprehansive framework for understanding human cognition in the form of a computer program.

Question 12

Connectionist models

Answer 12

interconnected networks of simple units exhibiting learning, such as perceptrons.

Question 13

Converging operations

Answer 13

the use of several methods with different strengths and limitations to address a given issue.

Question 14

Computational modelling

Answer 14

constructing computer programs that mimic or simulate human cognitive processes.

Question 15

Implacable experimenter

Answer 15

the situation in experimental research in which experimenter’s behaviour is uninfluenced by the participant’s behaviour.

Question 16

Lateral

Answer 16

situated at the side of the brain.

Question 17

Lesions

Answer 17

structural alterations within the brain, caused by disease or injury (or by TMS).

Question 18

Magneto-encephalography (MEG)

Answer 18

a non-invasive technique based on recording the magnetic fields generated by brain activity.

Question 19

Modularity

Answer 19

the assumption that the cognitive system consists of fairly independent
and specialised modules or processors.

Question 20

Meta-analysis

Answer 20

statistical analysis based on findings of numerous studies on a
given issue.

Question 21

Parallel processing

Answer 21

multiple processes occurring at the same time

Question 22

Medial

Answer 22

situated at the middle of the brain.

Question 23

Paradigm specifity

Answer 23

findings of experimental research are not obtained in very

similar tasks or paradigms.

Question 24

Serial processing

Answer 24

one process is performed before the other

Question 25

Single-unit recording

Answer 25

Single-unit (single cell) recording: inserting a micro-electrode into the brain, permitting the study of activity in single neurons. This is very invasive.

Question 26

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 26

developing computer programs that produce intelligent outcomes.

Question 27

Associations

Answer 27

the finding that certain symptoms or performance impairments are consistently found together in numerous brain-damaged patients

Question 28

Back-propagation

Answer 28

comparing actual output of models to correct output and | adjusting the weights in the perceptron’s network accordingly.

Question 29

Domain specifity

Answer 29

these modules only respond to a specific class of stimuli.

Question 30

Dorsal

Answer 30

superior, or towards the top of the brain.

Question 31

Dissociation

Answer 31

Task X can be performed normally while task Y cannot.

Question 32

Double dissociation

Answer 32

the finding that some brain-damaged individuals perform well | on X, but poorly on Y, while other individuals exhibit the opposite pattern.

Question 33

Ecological validity

Answer 33

the extent to which laboratory findings are applicable to everyday life.

Question 34

Electroencephalography (EEG):

Answer 34

recordings of electrical brain activity, measured at the surface of the scalp.

Question 35

Event-related fMRI (efMRI)

Answer 35

form of fMRI, in which patterns of brain activity | associated with specific events are compared.

Question 36

Event-related potentials (ERPs).

Answer 36

The pattern of EEG activity obtained, by averaging brain responses to the same stimuli shown repeatedly.

Question 37

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 37

technique based on neurons using | oxygen from blood imaged by an MRI. Provides time and location information.

Question 38

Functional specialisation

Answer 38

every brain area is specialised in a specific | function.

Question 39

gyri

Answer 39

prominent elevated areas or ridges on the brain's | surface.

Question 40

plasticity

Answer 40

changes in brain structure and function dependent on | experience that affect behaviour

Question 41

Positron emission tomography (PET):

Answer 41

brain-scanning technique based on the | detection of positrons.

Question 42

posterior

Answer 42

towards the back of the brain.

Question 43

Production rules

Answer 43

condition-action rules in which | action is carried out if a condition is present.

Question 44

Production systems

Answer 44

systems with production rules and a | working memory.

Question 45

Reverse inference

Answer 45

: involves going backwards from a pattern of brain | activation to the presence of a given cognitive presence.

Question 46

Rostral

Answer 46

anterior, or towards the front of the brain.

Question 47

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/rTMS

Answer 47

the administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation | several times in rapid succession