Chapter 1:A Flashcards by Alyssa Anding

Subdivisions of Anatomy

Gross or macroscopic (regional, surface, systemic)
Microscopic (cytology and histology)
Developmental (embryology)

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Anatomy

the study of structure

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Tools for the study of Anatomy

Mastery of anatomical terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation
Auscultation

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Physiology

the study of the functions at many levels
(subdivisions are based on organ systems)
e.g. renal or cardiovascular physiology

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Tools for the study of physiology

ability to focus at many levels
basic physical principles
basic chemical principles

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Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

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Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical- atoms and molecules
Cellular- cells and their organelles
Tissue- groups of similar cells
Organ- contains 2 or more types of tissues
Organ System- organs that work closely
Organismal- all organ systems

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Organ Systems Interrelationships

all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to preform necessary life functions

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Necessary Life Functions

maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
Plasma membranes
Skin

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Movements

(contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscles)
Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)

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Responsiveness

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli
withdrawal reflex
control of breathing rate

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Digestion

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

Absorption of simple molecules into the blood

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Catabolism and Anabolism

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Excretion

The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

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Reproduction

Cellular Division for growth or repair

Production of offspring

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Growth

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Survival Needs

Plants: carbs, vitamins, minerals
Animals: fats, proteins

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Oxygen

20% in air

Essential for energy release (ATP production)

Water

Body is made up of about 60-80%
Most abundant chemical in the body
Site of chemical reactions

Normal body temp

98.6%
Affects rate of chemical reactions
Temp goes up, body function goes up
Temp goes down, body function goes down

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Homeostasis

same stay

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)

Nervous and Endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Receptor (sensor)

Monitors the environment Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

Control Center

Determine the set point at which the variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response

Effector

Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

Negative Feedback

The response reduces or shuts off the original stimuli Examples Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood volume by ADH

Negative Feedback | Regulation of blood volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary glad to release antidiuretic hormone ADH causes the kidneys (effector) to return more water to the blood

ADH

antidiuretic

Positive Feedback

The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect Usually controls infrequent events Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of homeostasis Increases risk of disease Contributes to changes associated with aging May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)