Chapter 1: abnormal behavior in historical context Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
psychological disorder
A
psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response
2
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phobia
A
psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
3
Q
3 criteria of a psychological disorder
A
- psychological dysfunction
- distress or impairment
- atypical response
4
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abnormal behavior
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actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior
5
Q
psychological dysfunction
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breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
6
Q
psychopathology
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scientific study of psychological disorders
7
Q
clinical psychologist and counseling psychologists education
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PhD
8
Q
counseling psychologists
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study and treat adjustment and vocational issues with relatively healthy people
9
Q
clinical psychologists
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concentrate on more severe psychological disorders
10
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psychiatrists education
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MD then specialize in 3-4 year residency
11
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psychiatric social workers
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earn masters in social work but also treat disorders (often family related)
12
Q
psychiatric nurses
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have advanced training to treat patients with psychological disorders, often working as part of team
13
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family and marriage therapists and mental health counselors
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1-2 year masters degree, employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics
14
Q
scientist practitioners
A
mental health practitioners that focus on a scientific approach
-includes applying scientific methods to work, knowing and incorporating latest research on diagnosis and treatment
-evaluate methods for effectiveness
-may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment
15
Q
3 major categories that make up the study of psychological disorders
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- clinical description
- causation (etiology)
- treatment and outcome
16
Q
presenting problem
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original complaint reported by client to therapist, actual treated problem may be derived from presenting problem
17
Q
clinical description
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details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder
18
Q
prevalence
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number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
19
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incidence
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number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period
20
Q
course
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pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
21
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chronic course
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tend to last a long time
22
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episodic course
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individual likely to recover but may suffer recurrence of disorder
23
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time limited course
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improve without treatment in a relatively short period of time with little or no risk of recurrence
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acute onset
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begin suddenly
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insidious onset
develop gradually over an extended period of time
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prognosis
predicted development of a disorder over time
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etiology
cause or source of a disorder
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supernatural model
agents such as divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields of the moon or stars are the driving forces influencing our behavior
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psychological beliefs in late 14th century
authorities supported that psychological disorders were from supernatural causes
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exorcism
religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the person by ridding the body of demons
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emotion contagion
aka mass hysteria-- the experience of an emotion spreads to those around us
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Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
-believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
-believed that psychological disorders may be part of brain pathology, head trauma or could be influenced by genetics
-recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology (like family stress)
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Galen (129-198 AD)
-adopted Hippocrates approach
-added on humoral theory of disorders
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4 humors of body
-blood (heart)
-black bile (spleen)
-phlegm (brain)
-yellow bile (liver)
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melancholy
refers to black bile, not refers to aspects of depression
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4 basic qualities by Greeks
heat, dryness, moisture, and cold
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in ancient Asia, the humors were
focused to be air or wind throughout the body, disorders came from blocked wind
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syphilis
-STI from bacterial microbes entering brain
-changes behavior (everyone plotting against you or feeling like a god)
-called general paresis (5 year timeline to death)
-injected patients with malaria to cure
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John P Grey (1800s)
-in charge of US hospital
-believed causes of insanity were physical so treated mentally ill like the physically ill (rest, diet, room temp)
-conditions in hospitals improved
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insulin shock therapy
-1927, Sakel gave patients insulin to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients and worked to calm them down, some recovered their mental health but many died or were comatose
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psychosocial treatment
treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family) as wall as psychological influences
-these approaches include cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal methods
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moral therapy (19th century)
psychosocial approach that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments, was found to have dramatic positive effects on patients however, eventually declined as was found to work best on institutions with 200 pts or less
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Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)
creator of mental hygiene movement that worked to improve standards of care in institutions and worked to make sure everyone who needed care recieved it
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psychoanalysis
assessment and therapy pioneered by Freud that emphasizes exploration of and insight into unconscious processes and conflicts
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behaviorism
explanation of human behavior including dysfunction based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology
-associated with Watson, Pavlov and Skinner
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
-alongside Breuer, believe that they discovered that the unconscious mind had an influence on production of psychological disorders
-also found it was therapeutic to recall and relieve emotional trauma that was made by unconscious
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unconscious
part of psychic makeup that is outside the awareness if the person
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catharsis
rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be important factor in psychoanalytic therapy
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psychoanalytic model
complex and comprehensive theory of Freud that seeks to account for the development and stricture of personality as well as the origin of abnormal behavior based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces
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3 major factors of psychoanalytic model
1. the structure of the mind and the functions of personalities that sometimes clash with one another
2. the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these conflicts
3. the stages or psychosexual development that contribute to inner conflicts
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3 structures of the mind according to Freud
the id, the ego and the super ego
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the id
the unconscious psychic entity present at birth that is the source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings (the animal in us) as well as the death instinct
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the id operates according to
the pleasure principle (goal to maximize pleasure and eliminate tension or conflicts)
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primary process
the way of processing information of the id, often emotional, irrational, filled with fantasies and occupied with sex, aggression and selfishness
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the ego
the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id drive
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the ego operates according to the
reality principle (thinking style that focuses on logic and reason referred to as secondary process)
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the sugerego
"conscience", the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society
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intrapsychic conflicts
the struggle between the id, the ego and the superego
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defense mechanisms
common pattern of behavior often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation , psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego
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denial
refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
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displacement
transfers a feeling about, or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually a less threatening object or person
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projection
falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object
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rationalization
conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations
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reaction formation
substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones
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repression
blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
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sublimation
directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
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psychosexual stages of development (Freud)
stages each person passes through during development, each stage named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at the time (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
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castration anxiety
the fear in phallic stage of boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers (often by their fathers)
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electra complex
Freud's theory for girls that girls wanted to replace their mother and possess their fathers, driven by penis envy
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neuroses (neurosis)
Freud, non-psychotic psychological disorders resulted from unconscious conflicts, and anxiety also resulted from these conflicts
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ego psychology/ self psychology
Anna Freud, psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts
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object relations
development of psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate memories and values of people who are close and important to them
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collective unconscious
Jung, accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations
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students of Freud, Jung and Adler believed
that the basic quality of human nature was positive and there is a strong drive toward self actualization
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Adler
inferiority complex
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free association
Freud, psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious, the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to their mind without censoring
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dream analysis
psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychiatric conflicts
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psychoanalyst
therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning MD or PHD
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classical psychoanalysis
-therapy 4-5 times per week for 2-5 years
-aim to analyze unconscious conflicts, resolve them and reconstruct personality to put ego back in charge
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psychodynamic psychotherapy
modern version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but if briefer and focuses more on specific problems
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self actualizing
process emphasized in humanistic theory that in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences
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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
made hierarchy of needs
(food, sex, social needs, self actualization, love, self esteem), cannot move up hierarchy until lower level needs are satisfied
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Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
-most influential humanist
-person centered theory
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person centered theory
therapy method in which the client rather than counsler primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self discovery and self responsibility
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unconditional positive regard
acceptance by the counsler of they clients feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation
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behavioral model (cognitive behavioral or social learning model)
explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology
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Pavlov (1849-1936)
classical conditioning, behavioral model
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classical conditioning
learning where a neural stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
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stimulus generalization
reaction occurs even when not exposed to stimulus but to something that reminds person of stimulus
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components of classical conditioning
-unconditional stimulus: object (food)
-unconditioned response: the natural or unlearned response to stimulus (drooling)
-conditioned stimulus: any object associated with the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response: to conditioned stimulus, same response occurs
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extinction
learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed, also the procedure of removing that reinforcement of pairing
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introspection
Titchener
early nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts or feelings that specific stimuli evoked
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John B Watson (1878-1958)
-US psychologist that is the founder of behavioralism
-thought that psychology could be made as scientific as physiology
-dis experiments with little Albert and the rat to condition boy to be scared of white fluffy things
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systematic desensitization
behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with positing coping experiences, usually relaxation
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behavior therapy
array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change
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Thorndike (1874-1949)
law of effect: behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior
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operant conditioning
Skinner
behavior operates based on environment and changes in some ways
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reinforcement
in operant conditioning: either strengthens it or increase its frequency
-positive: contingent delivery of desired consequence
-negative: contingent escape of an adverse consequence
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shaping
in operant conditioning: the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner
