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PSYC 337 > Chapter 1: Abnormal psychology, overview and research approaches > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Abnormal psychology, overview and research approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal psychology concerned with?

A

Understanding the
-nature
-causes
-treatment
of mental disorders.

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2
Q

What are the indicators of abnormality/ that someone has a mental disorders?

A

-subjective distress: primary indicator
-maladaptiveness
-statistical deviancy
-violation of social standards
-social discomfort
-unpredictability
-dangerousness (to self and others)

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3
Q

What is maladaptiveness?

A

actions that prevent someone from adapting, adjusting, or participating to different aspects of life.

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4
Q

What is the DSM-5 adapted and modified by?

A

The American Psychiatric Association

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5
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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6
Q

When was the DSM-5 published?

A

2013

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7
Q

Besides the DSM-5; What other major psychiatric classification system exists?

A

-World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases
-Chapter 5 covers mental and behavioral disorders

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8
Q

What is the DSM-5 definition of a mental disorder?

A

A syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, and cognitive functioning.

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9
Q

What do we mean by clinically significant “disturbance”?

A

Disturbances represent dysfunction in biological, psychological, or developmental processes needed for mental functioning

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10
Q

What consequences in life can a mental disorder come with?

A

Mental disorders are associated with significant distress or disability in social or work life.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of a classification system? 6

A

-Provide nomenclature
-Provide a common language for clinicians and researchers
-Allow structuring of information in a helpful manner
-Facilitate research
-Health policy planning
-Required for insurance reimbursement (need diagnosis to be reimbursed)

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of classification?

A

-Loss of specific info and personal details due to simplification: a specific diagnosis doesn’t always capture everything that’s happening in a patient’s life
-stigma, stereotyping
-negative self-image

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13
Q

What may be the reasons for a general negative attitude and stigma around mental disorders?

A

-fear, make us feel uncomfortable
-dehumanization of mentally ill people
-helplessness about their situation
-all in their head, so we tend to think they could do something about it if they tried

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14
Q

How can classification lead to a negative self-image?

A

-we have empathy batteries around distressed people
-but being around them can be distressing for us and pull our mood down

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15
Q

What was determined as not useful to reduce the stigma around mental illness?

A

A better understanding of the neurobiological causes of mental disorders

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16
Q

How can we reduce prejudicial attitude toward people who are mentally ill?

A

-contact with mentally ill individuals
-However: studies show interaction may also lead to distress and unpleasant physical reactions

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17
Q

How can culture have an influence on abnormality?

A
  • Culture affects the way abnormality is defined
    -Different cultures vary in the way they describe psychological distress
    -Culture can shape the clinical presentation of disorders
    -culture can influence the forms of psychopathology experienced by people in that culture
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18
Q

What is an example of how different cultures can vary the way in which they define psychological distress?

A

The indigenous don’t have a word for depression

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19
Q

What is taijin kyofusho?

A

-Japanese culture-specific syndrome
-translation: fear of interpersonal relations
-symptoms: extremely embarrassed about themselves, fearful of displeasing others with bodily functions or appearances, fear of embarrassing other people with their presence.

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20
Q

Why is it important to understand the number and types of people with diagnosable disorders?

A

-planning, establishing, and funding mental health services for specific disorders
-understanding the causes of mental disorders in different groups of people

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21
Q

What is mental health epidemiology?

A

The study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population

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22
Q

What is prevalence?

A

number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

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23
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time.

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24
Q

What is 1-year prevalence?

A

estimate of the number of people who experience a disorder at any point during the entire year.

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25
Q

What is lifetime prevalence?

A

estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives

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26
Q

What is incidence?

A

-number of new cases in the population over a given period of time; typically lower than prevalence figures

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26
Q

What is incidence?

A

-number of new cases in the population over a given period of time; typically lower than prevalence figures

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27
Q

Who was the National Comorbidity Survey Replication done by?

A

Kesler

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28
Q

What information does the NCS-R give?

A

Most comprehensive source of prevalence estimates for adults in the USA

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29
Q

What are the most prevalent disorders according to the NCS-R?

A

anxiety disorders

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30
Q

What are the three most common individual disorders according to the NCS-R?

A

-major depressive disorder
-alcohol abuse
-specific phobias
-social phobias are also very common

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31
Q

What disorder are people most likely to seek help for?

A

Major Depressive Disorder

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32
Q

Why aren’t people suffering from alcohol abuse likely to seek help?

A

they don’t think they have a problem

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33
Q

What is the percentage of people with phobias who seek help?

A

only 1%

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34
Q

What information does the National Survey on Drug Use and Health provide? (NSUDH)

A

the most recent information

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35
Q

In what case is comorbidity most likely to occur?

A

-in serious cases; not mild cases
-the more a condition becomes severe; the more likely it is other conditions are gonna come along

36
Q

What is the 1-year prevalence of serious mental illness in adults in the USA?

A

4%

37
Q

How much do mental and substance use disorders account for in the global burden of disease?

A

7%

38
Q

How do people generally react in the face of disease and deciding for treatment?

A

-Not all people receive treatment
-Most people delay treatment

39
Q

How are people generally treated?

A

-many people treated by family physicians
-Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient basis

40
Q

For what matters does inpatient hospitalisation usually happen?

A

Typically in psychiatric units

41
Q

Why won’t some people seek treatment?

A

-denial
-stigma
-gaslighting
-so distressed that going through the process is overwhelming

42
Q

How are inpatients treated?

A

-different mental health professionals work as a team
-intense treatment (more rapid recovery)

43
Q

In what cases will you be an inpatient?

A

-if there is significant impairment
-facilitates treatment because better controlled

44
Q

How are outpatients treated?

A

-smaller team
-psychiatrist, psychologist, specialised counsellor.

45
Q

What are the benefits of research?

A

Learn about disorders
-symptoms
-prevalence
-duration (acute, chronic)
-accompanying problems
Understand etiology (causes) and nature of disorder
Discover how to provide the best patient care

46
Q

In what case is a disorder acute or chronic?

A

-acute: short in duration
-chronic: long in duration

47
Q

What is the etiology of a disorder ?

A

the causes of a disorder

48
Q

What is the main source of information of scientist ?

A

Case studies

49
Q

What are case studies?

A

Detailed accounts of individual patient behavior, based on observation.

50
Q

What are disadvantages of case studies?

A

-subject to bias, writer decides what to include and omit
-conclusions have low generalisability (can’t be used to draw conclusions about other cases)

51
Q

What does it mean that conclusions of case studies have low generalisability ?

A

can’t be used to draw conclusions about other cases

52
Q

What are advantages of case studies?

A

-Can provide insights into unusual/rare clinical conditions
-Can serve as a stimulus for research

53
Q

Why may self-report data be inaccurate?

A

-people can lie
-misunderstand the question
-want to present themselves in a certain way

54
Q

How can we make sure that a self-report is as accurate as possible?

A

-Have to be in ability to access the information the interviewer is tryna get from them
-Need to make sure the patient is a free and comfortable enough to really have a proper insight

55
Q

What is direct observation?

A

outward behavior is recorded by trained observers

56
Q

How can biological variables be observed in observational approaches?

A

-Brain imaging (fMRI)
-Transcranial magnetic stimulation

57
Q

What is clinical research often a mix of ?

A

Observational and self-report methods

58
Q

What is a hypothesis often sparked by?

A

anecdotal accounts and unusual research findings

59
Q

What is the most effective way of sampling?

A

Large, randomly selected groups are ideal

60
Q

What are samples of convenience?

A

For a example a researcher in a university will sample from university students, which is not representative of the population as a whole

61
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extend to which a research study’s findings can be generalised. Conditions in which you do your lab study has to match real-world situations as much as possible.

62
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extend to which a study is methodologically sound

63
Q

What is a criterion group?

A

People with the condition being studied

64
Q

What is the comparison (control) group?

A

People who do not have the condition being studied but who are otherwise comparable to the criterion group.

65
Q

What is a correlational research ?

A

-Studying the world as it is
-Does not involve any manipulation of variables
-Examining naturalistic relations among two or more variables (eg, depression and self-esteem)

66
Q

What is a positive correlation ?

A

Two measures vary together in a direct, corresponding manner

67
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

Two measures vary inversely

68
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

Probability that the correlation would occur purely by chance

69
Q

What influences statistical significance?

A

-strength of correlation
-size of sample

70
Q

What is effect size?

A

reflects the size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size

71
Q

What does effect size 0 mean?

A

There is no association between variables

72
Q

What does effect sizes of .20, .50 and .80 mean?

A

.20= small
.50= medium
.80=large

73
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

a statistical approach that calculates and then combines the effect sizes from all the studies (each study= one individual participant)

74
Q

What is the relationship between correlational and causality?

A

Correlation does not mean causation (third variable problem)

75
Q

What can’t correlational studies do and what can they do?

A

-CAN’T prove causal relationships
-CAN pinpoint questions for further research

76
Q

What is retrospective research?

A

involve looking back in time: how the patients were earlier and what wet wrong

77
Q

What is prospective research ?

A

looking ahead in time: identify high-risk individuals and focus on them before any disorder manifests

78
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

a study that follows a group of people over time

79
Q

What is experimental research ?

A

Allows researchers to draw conclusions about causality and resolve questions of directionality.

80
Q

In what case is a dependent variable regarded as the cause of the outcome?

A

If dependent variable changes as independent variable changes, it is regarded as a cause of the outcome.

81
Q

What is a quasi-experimental research design?

A

Either expose to success experience or failure experiences.

82
Q

How is treatment research executed?

A

Proposed treatment is given to a designated group of patients and withheld from a similar group of patients

83
Q

In a treatment research how do we choose who gets the treatment and who doesn’t?

A

random assignment

84
Q

What is a standard treatment comparison study?

A

alternative in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups.

85
Q

What is a double blind study ?

A

Neither the subjects nor the experimenters know who is in the control group.

86
Q

What is a placebo treatment?

A

Participants are given a treatment with no effect

87
Q

What are single-case research designs ?

A

-case studies used to develop and test therapy techniques within a scientific framework
-same individual studied overtime
-behavior assessed before and after treatment

88
Q

What is an example of single-case experimental design?

A

ABAB design:
-(a) collect data, establish baseline
-(b) introduce treatment
-(a) withdraw the treatment
-(b) reinstate treatment

PSYC 337 (2 decks)

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