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EXSS 256 > chapter 1: an introduction to the human body > Flashcards

chapter 1: an introduction to the human body Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

homeostasis

A

the state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment

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2
Q

feedback systems

A

corrective cycles that help restore the conditions needed for health and life

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3
Q

anatomy

A

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

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4
Q

dissection

A

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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5
Q

physiology

A

the science of body functions – how the body parts work

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6
Q

atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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7
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms joined together

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8
Q

cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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9
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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10
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands

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11
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

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12
Q

muscular tissue

A

contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat

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13
Q

nervous tissue

A

carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

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14
Q

organs

A

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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15
Q

system

A

consists of related organs with a common function

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16
Q

organism

A

any living individual

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17
Q

noninvasive diagnostic technique

A

a technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

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18
Q

inspection

A

the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

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19
Q

palpation

A

the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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20
Q

auscultation

A

the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds

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21
Q

percussion

A

the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound

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22
Q

metabolism

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A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

23
Q

catabolism

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A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

24
Q

anabolism

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A

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

25
responsiveness
the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
26
movement
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells
27
growth
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
28
differentiation
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
29
stem cells
precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
30
reproduction
the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual
31
autopsy
a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
32
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment
33
body fluids
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
34
intracellular fluid (ICF)
the fluid within cells
35
extracellular fluid (ECF)
the fluid outside body cells
36
interstitial fluid
the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
37
feedback system
a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
38
controlled condition
a monitored variable
39
stimulus
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
40
receptor
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
41
afferent pathway
a pathway in which information flows toward the control center
42
control center
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
43
efferent pathway
a pathway in which the information flows away from the control center
44
effector
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
45
negative feedback system
reverses a change in a controlled condition
46
positive feedback system
strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
47
disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
48
disease
an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
49
symptoms
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
50
signs
objective changes that a health care professional can observe or measure
51
epidemiology
the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
52
pharmacology
the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
53
diagnosis
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
54
anatomical position
a universal position in which the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward; the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward

EXSS 256 (1 decks)

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