Chapter 1 Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

Cardiovascular system or circulatory system consists of

Answer 1

Heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Question 2

What do the lymphatics do?

Answer 2

Removes metabolic waste products

Question 3

Where does the right side of the heart pumps blood to?

Answer 3

To the lungs

Question 4

Where does the left side of the heart pumps the blood to?

Answer 4

To the rest of the body

Question 5

Is the heart base at the upper right or upper left

Answer 5

Upper right

Question 6

Is the heart Apex pointed towards the lower left or the lower right?

Answer 6

Lower left

Question 7

The ___ is also called the point of maximal impulse where the heart sound can be heard the loudest

Answer 7

Apex

Question 8

What is the sac called that envelops the heart

Answer 8

Pericardium

Question 9

What are the hearts three layers?

Answer 9

Endocardium, myocardium, and the epicardium

Question 10

Describe the hearts three layers

Answer 10

The endocardium is the inner layer, the myocardium is middle layer, and the epicardium is the outer layer

Question 11

How many chambers does the heart have and what are their names

Answer 11

Four chambers; two atria (right side and a left side) and two ventricles (right side and left side)

Question 12

How many valves does the heart have and what are their names?

Answer 12

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semi lunar valve, mitral valve, and aortic semi lunar valve

Question 13

What does the pericardium consist of?

Answer 13

It consists of the fibrous pericardium in the serous pericardium

Question 14

Describe the fibrous and serous pericardium

Answer 14

Fibrous fits freely: fibrous pericardium composed of tough white fibrous tissue fits loosely around the heart protecting it
Serous is smooth: The serous pericardium the thin smooth the inner portion has two layers
A) The parietal layer lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
B) The visceral layer adheres to the surface of the heart

Question 15

Between the fibrous and serous pericardium is the pericardial

Answer 15

Space

Question 16

What does the pericardial space contain and what is its purpose

Answer 16

Pericardial fluid, which lubricates the surfaces of the space and allows the heart to move easily during contraction

Question 17

Where does the right atrium receives blood from

Answer 17

Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 18

Where does the left atrium receives its blood from

Answer 18

The two pulmonary veins

Question 19

Where does the right ventricle pumps blood to

Answer 19

Lungs

Question 20

Where does the left ventricle pumps blood to

Answer 20

Rest of the body

Question 21

When does the heart go lub

Answer 21

When the atrioventricular valves (or tricuspid / mitral valves) close

Question 22

When does the heart to go dub

Answer 22

When the semi lunar valve‘s close (aka aortic and pulmonic valves)

Question 23

What is the term regurgitation

Answer 23

Regurgitation means backward flow

Question 24

The valves open and close in response to ___ caused by ____ and ___

Answer 24

Pressure changes
Ventricular contraction
Blood ejection

Question 25

The conduction system contains pacemaker cells which have three unique characteristics

Answer 25

Automaticity : The ability to generate an electrical impulse automatically Conductivity : The ability to pass the impulse to the next cell Contractility : The ability to shorten the fibres in the heart when receiving the impulse

Question 26

How many beats per minute does the Sino atrial node beat at

Answer 26

60-100

Question 27

Does the SA node generate an impulse for the atrium or the ventricles

Answer 27

Atria

Question 28

The cardiac cycle lasts from when to when

Answer 28

The cardiac cycle lasts from the start of one heartbeat all the way to the start of the next heartbeat

Question 29

Describe the pathway of an electrical impulse

Answer 29

From SA node to AV node to bundle of his to purkinje fibres

Question 30

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

Answer 30

Systole and diastole

Question 31

What is systole

Answer 31

When the ventricles contract, ventricular pressure increases

Question 32

What is diastole

Answer 32

When the ventricles are empty and relaxed, ventricular pressure falls

Question 33

Describe cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume

Answer 33

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that the heart pumps in one minute Rate is the heart rate for example 60 bpm Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat

Question 34

Stroke volume depends on three major factors. What are they? And describe them

Answer 34

Preload, contractility, and afterload Preload: stretching of muscle fibres in the ventricles, the stretching results from blood volume in the ventricles at and diastole. The more the heart muscle stretch during diastole, the more forcefully they contract during systole Contractility: ability of the myocardium to contract normally. Contractility is influenced by preload. The greater the stretch the more forceful the contraction Afterload: refers to the pressure that the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta to get the blood out of the heart.

Question 35

What are the five types of blood vessels

Answer 35

Arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 36

What has thick muscular walls to accommodate the flow of blood at high speeds and pressures

Answer 36

Arteries

Question 37

What has thinner walls and constrict or dilate to control blood flow to the Capillery’s

Answer 37

Arterioles

Question 38

What has Walls composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells

Answer 38

Capillaries

Question 39

What gather blood from the capillaries, their walls are thinner than those of arterioles

Answer 39

What have thinner walls than arteries but I have larger diameter’s because of the low blood pressure venous return to the heart

Question 40

What happens to the blood that travels to the lungs

Answer 40

Picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Question 41

The left common carotid artery supplies blood to the?

Answer 41

Brain

Question 42

The left subclavian artery supplies what part of the body and the right subclavian artery supplies what part of the body? Both of these also supply the?

Answer 42

Left arm, right arm | Chest wall

Question 43

At the ends of the arterials and the beginnings of the capillaries strong white control blood flow into the tissues?

Answer 43

Sphincters. These factors dilate to permit more flow when needed close to shine blood to other areas will constrict to increase blood pressure.

Question 44

The heart relies on the white and their branches for its supply of oxygenated blood

Answer 44

Coronary arteries

Question 45

The pressure of the ventricular muscle must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta refers to

Answer 45

Afterload

Question 46

The vessels that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and left atrium are the

Answer 46

Pulmonary veins. Oxygenated blood returns by way of annuals and veins to the pulmonary veins, which carry it back to the hearts left atrium