Chapter 1 And 2 Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
A person who administers ionizing radiation t perform radiographic procedures
A
A radiographer
2
Q
Who writes the radiography’s practice standards
A
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)
3
Q
Defines the practice of radiography, describes the necessary education and certification, and includes the radiographer scope of practice
A
Radiography Practice Standards
4
Q
ALARA
A
As low as reasonably achieve-able
5
Q
Who created and maintains the Standard of Ethics
A
ARRT - American Registry of RTs
6
Q
What are the Standards of Ethics
A
Code of Ethics and Rules of Ethics.
Describes professional values that translate into practice
7
Q
What is the Code of Ethics
A
10 statements that serve as a professional behavior guide for RT
8
Q
What are the rules of ethics
A
22 rules that are mandatory standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct
9
Q
Who performs extended patient care activities, select radiographic procedures, and initial image observations
A
RA - Radiologist Assistant
RPA - Radiology Practitioner Assistant
10
Q
Radiographer is responsible for in the examination room
A
Keeping the room and all equipment clean, prepare room prior to patient arrival
11
Q
who provides directives for infection control
A
CDC
12
Q
What is standard precaution
A
Treating every patient as if they have an infectious disease. Avoid cross contamination.
13
Q
What is the easiest and most convenient way T prevent the spread of microorganisms
A
Hanndwashing
14
Q
What should you do with every patient before you start any procedure
A
Explain the procedure and obtain patient clinical history
15
Q
What are the three types of motion
A
Involuntary, voluntary and equipment
16
Q
Heartbeat, chills, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, and pain are called
A
Involuntary motion
17
Q
Nervousness, discomfort, excitability, mental illness, fear, age, and breathing are what type of motion
A
Voluntary motion
18
Q
How do you control involuntary motion
A
Short exposure time
19
Q
How do you control voluntary motion
A
Clear instructions, patient comfort, support devices, and immobilizations
If that doesn’t work use decreased exposure time.
20
Q
What receives the energy of the X-ray bean and forms the image of the body part
A
Image receptor
21
Q
Four types of image receptor
A
Solid state digital detector
Photostimuable storage phosphor image plate (PSP IP)
Fluoroscopic image receptor
Cassette with film
22
Q
Used to ensure a body part remains in the appropriate posture during the exposure
A
Positioning aids
23
Q
Reduces scattered radiation to the IR
A
Grids
24
Q
Results in more uniform image brightness due to varied tissue thickness and part density
A
Compensating filters
25
Radiographers can control prime technical factors. What are they
```
Milliamperage (mA)
Kilovolt Peak (kVp)
Exposure time (seconds)
```
26
Three general IR position
Lengthwise, crosswise and diagonal
27
What IR position is the most common (lengthwise, crosswise or diagonal)
Lengthwise
28
The central or primary beam of the ray is
Central Ray (CR)
29
Why would you angle the central ray through the part of interest
- Avoid superimposition
- Straighten out a curved structure
- Align the central ray through an angles joint space
- avoid distortion of an angled structure
30
SID
Source to image receptor distance
31
The stance from the anode inside the X-ray tube to the image receptor
SID
32
What does SID affect
Magnification
Spatial resolution
Patient dose
33
Longer SID does what
Reduces magnification and increases spatial resolution
34
What SID is used on most examinations
40 inches traditionally. 44-48 inches now.
35
What SID is used on examinations with increased OID to reduce magnification
72 inches
36
What SID is used for c spine, heart & chest
72 inches
37
What are the ranges for SID
30 inches to 120 inches - 40 inches is the recommended minimum unless specified
38
SSD stand for
Source to skin distance
39
Distance between anode inside X-ray tube to the patients skin
SSD - source to skin distance
40
What does SSD affect
Dose to the patient
41
SSD should not be less than ___ inches but Cannot be less than ____ inches
15 inches
| 12 inches
42
OID stand for
Object to image receptor distance
43
The restriction of the radiation field to irradiate only the anatomy of interest
Collimation
44
What is the purpose of collimation
Minimize patient exposure
| Reduce scatter radiation
45
Used to provide a black background around a collimated exposure field
Shuttering
46
What does shuttering result in
Increased patient dose
Overexposure
Creates legal and ethical liability
47
When do you NOT place your anatomic markers
After image acquisition. Must be placed during image taking due to the potential for error
48
Image recorded by exposing any of the image receptors to X-rays
Radiograph
49
What does the radiographer evaluate a radiograph for?
Acceptability of image features
Proper radiation safety practices
Whether the objectives have been met
50
X-rays should always be viewed in what position
Anatomic position - excluding hands, fingers, wrists, feet & toes
51
How are hands, feet, etc viewed as a radiograph
With distal ends toward the ceiling
52
What is the required information on all radiographs
Date
Patients name or ID number
Right or Left marker
Institution name
53
What is obesity defined by
BMI body mass index
54
What is used to determine if a patient is too large to perform a examination
Body diameter and weight
55
What are equipment considerations to take whenever it comes to patient size
Radiograph table weight limited
| Max diameter on machines (Fluoro, MRI, CT)
56
Transportation considerations to think about when it comes to an obese patient
* Larger wheelchair and stretchers
* Risk to injury to staff during movement and positioning
* power lifts
57
What is key in all imaging procedures
Communication
58
Empathetic communication is essential - avoid mentioning ____ & explain ___
Their weight
| Personnel required to safely move/transfer the patient
59
What are not accessible in the morbidly obese
Most palpable landmarks
60
What do you locate instead in an obese patient
Jugular notch - measure down based on patient height
61
Term applied to the science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
62
Study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
63
Study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones
Osteology
64
Divides body into left & right sections
Sagittal plane
65
Divides body into front and back sections
Coronal plane
66
Divides body into top and bottom sections
Horizontal plane
67
Divides body into two sections at any angle
Oblique plane
68
Transects the body at the top of iliac crest (L4)
Interiliac plane
69
Formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal plane
70
Two major body cavities
Thoracic and abdominal
71
Average body build.
Sthetic
72
Overly Slender & tall. Lungs are lower
Asthetic
73
Slender. Harder habitus to diagnose
Hyposthetic
74
Larger. Massive habitus.
Hypersthenic
75
How many bones in the axial skeleton
80
76
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton
126
77
What does the axial skeleton do
Supports and protects head & trunk
78
What does the appendicular skeleton do
Allows movement from place to place and various positions
79
Outer layer of bones are spongy or dense
Dense, compact
80
Inner layer of bone is dense or spongy
Spongy, less dense
81
Primary ossification occurs ___
Before birth
82
Secondary ossification occurs ____
After birth whenever desperate bones develops at the end of long bones (epiphysis)
83
Full ossification occurs ____
Near age 21. Epiphyseal line is present instead of plate
84
Epiphyseal plate
Plate of cartilage between two areas of primary and secondary
85
Bones found in the limbs
Long bones
86
Carpal and tarsal bones are classified as
Short bones
87
Cranium, sternum and scapula are classified as
Flat bones
88
Vertebrae, facial & pelvic bones are classified as
Irregular bones
89
Patella, beneath 1st metatarsal and adjacent to metacarpals
Sesamoid bones
90
Central ray angled towards head
Cephalad
91
Central ray angled towards feet
Caudad
92
Pronate
Turn from forward facing to back facing
93
Supinate
Turn from back facing to forward facing
94
Rotate laterally
Turn away central body
95
Rotate medially
Turn towards central body
96
Ulnar Deviation
Turn away from body
97
Adduct
Move toward central axis
98
Abduct
Move away from central axis
99
Radial deviation
Move towards central body
100
Dorsiflexion
Flex up
101
Plantarflexion
Flex down
102
Lying on back
Supine
103
Lying face down
Prone
104
Lying down with a horizontal X-ray beam
Decubitus
105
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
106
Erect or in a vertical position
Upright
107
Upright position sitting down
Seated
108
Supine with head tilted downward
Trendelenburg position
109
Supine with head higher than the feet
Fowler position
110
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims position
111
Supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally. Supported by ankle or knee supports
Lithotomy position
112
Describes the body part as seen by the IR
View
113
Supine, prime, erect, seated
Body positions
114
Restricted to the path of the central ray
Projection
115
Left front shoulder placed on IR
LAO
116
Back left shoulder placed on IR
LPO
117
Front right shoulder on IR
RAO
118
Back right shoulder on IR
RPO
119
Pleural membranes is thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
120
Peritoneum is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
121
Lungs is thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
122
Trachea is thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
123
Liver is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
124
Gallbladder is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
125
Esophagus is thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
126
Pancreas is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
127
Spleen is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
128
Stomach is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
129
Pericardium is thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
130
Intestines is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
131
Kidneys is thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
132
Ureters are thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
133
Major blood vessels are thoracic or abdominal
Abdominal
134
Heart and great vessels are thoracic or abdominal
Thoracic
135
What is the rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive parts a part of
Pelvic portion of the abdominal cavity
136
4 quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left lower
Left upper
137
What are the 9 regions
```
Left hypochondrium
Right hupochondrium
Left later
Right later
Left inguinal
Right inguinal
Umbilical
Hypogastrium
Epigastrium
```
138
What is located at C1
Mastoid tip
139
What is located at C2
Gonion (angle of mandible
140
What’s located at C4
Hyoid bone
141
What’s located at T2,T3
Level of jugular notch
142
What’s located at T7
Inferior angles of scapulae
143
What’s located at T9,T10
Xiphoid process
144
What’s located at L4,L5
Iliac crest
145
What’s located at S1
Anterior superior iliac spine
146
The study of joints is
Arthrology
147
Joints that do not have a joint cavity. Strongest joints in the body & virtually immovable. Connected by fibrous & connective tissues or ligaments.
Fibrous joints
148
Immovable joint or slightly movable united by fibrous tissue
Syndesmosis
149
Immovable joint occurring only in the skull.
Suture
150
Immovable joint occurring only in roots of the teeth
Gomphosis
151
Joints that do not have a joint cavity & are virtually immoveable but united by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
152
Slightly movable joint separated by fibrocartilage, made for strength & shock absorbency.
Symphysis
153
Immovable joint containing rigid cartilage that unites two bones
Synchondrosis
154
Joints that permit wide ranges
Synovial joints
155
Uniaxial movement. Permit slight movement usually only one axis.
Gliding joint
156
Uniaxial movement. Permits only flexion and extension
Hinge joints
157
Uniaxial movement. Allow rotation around a single axis
Pivot joints
158
Biaxial movement. Permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other.
Elliposoid joints
159
Biaxial movement. Permits move in two axes but named for the bone shaped
Saddle joints
160
Multiracial movement. Permits movement on any axis.
Ball & socket joints
161
Rounded process at an articular extremity
Condyle
162
Beak like or crown like process
Coracoid
163
Ridge like process
Crest
164
Projection above a condyle
Epicondyle
165
Small smooth surfaced process for articulation with another surface
Facet
166
Hook shaped process
Hamulus
167
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
168
Horn like process on a bone
Horn
169
Less prominent ridge, a linear elevation
Line
170
Club shaped process
Malleolus
171
Projecting part or prominence
Protuberance
172
Sharp process
Spine
173
Long pointed process
Styloid
174
Either of two large rounded and elevated processes located at junction of neck and shaft of femur
Trochanter
175
Small rounded and elevated process
Tubercle
176
Large rounded and elevated process
Tuberosity
177
Cleft or deep groove
Fissure
178
Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
179
Pit fovea or hollow space
Fossa
180
Shallow linear channel
Groove
181
Tube like passage way running within a bone
Meatus
182
Indention into border of the bone
Notch
183
Recess groove cavity or hollow space
Sinus
184
Furrow trench or fissure like depression
Sulcus
185
Fracture does not break skin
Closed
186
Serious fracture where bones aren’t aligned
Displaced
187
Fracture but bone has normal alignment
Nondisplaced
188
Serious fracture where bone is protruding the skin
Open
189
Refers to forward or front part of body or organ
Anterior - ventral
190
Refers to back part of body or organ
Posterior - dorsal
191
Refers to nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
192
Refers to nearer the head or above
Superior
193
Refers to middle area or main part of an organ
Central
194
Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
195
Refers to parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
196
Refers to body parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
197
Refers to parts far from the surface
Deep
198
Refers to parts close to the surface or near the skin
Superficial
199
Refers to part farthest from point of attachment or away from the center of the body
Distal
200
Refers to parts nearer point of attachment or towards center of body
Proximal
201
Refers to parts outside an organ or body
External
202
Refers to parts within an organ or body
Internal
203
Refers to the wall or lining of the body cavity
Parietal
204
Refers to covering of an organ
Visceral
205
Refers to top of anterior of foot or back of the hand
Dorsum
206
Refers to palm of hand
Palmar
207
Refers to sole of the foot
Plantar
208
Central ray enters anteriorly and exits posteriorly
AP
209
Central ray enters posteriorly and exits anteriorly
PA
210
Central ray enters side of the body
Lateral
211
Central ray enters anterior surface and exits posterior of a rotated part or body
AP oblique
212
Central ray enters posterior and exits anterior of a rotated part or body
PA oblique
213
Central ray is angled longitudinally more than 10 degrees
Axial
214
Central ray is angled enters anterior exits posterior
Axial AP
215
Angled central ray enters posterior and exits anterior
Axial PA
216
Angled central ray enters posterior and exits anterior while body is rotated
PA axial oblique
217
Angled central ray enters anterior and exits posterior while body is rotated
AP axial oblique
218
Central ray is directed to outer margin of a curved body surface to project it free from superimposition
Tangential projection
219
Angled central ray exits laterally
Axiolateral
220
Angled central ray enters and exits lateral surface while body is rotated
Axiolateral oblique
221
Central ray passes through thorax
Transthoracic
222
Central ray enters cranial surface of a part and exits caudal surface of a part
Craniocaudal
223
Central ray enters inferior surface and exits superior surface
Inferosuperir
224
Central ray enters superior and exits inferior
Superoinferior
225
Central ray enters bottom of foot and exits top
Plantodorsal
226
Central ray enters top of foot and exits bottom
Dorsoplantar
227
Central ray passes through a part in a lateral position, enters laterally and exits medially
Lateromedial
228
Central ray passes through a part laterally, enters medial and exits lateral surface
Mediolateral
229
Have patient lean backwards while upright body positions so the shoulders are in contact with IR
Lordotic position
230
Outward turning of foot at ankle
Eversion
231
Inward turning of foot at ankle
Inversion
232
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
233
Turn away from regular standard
Deviate
