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PE > Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Protect vital organs

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2
Q

What are long bones?

A

Support weight and enables gross movements

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3
Q

What are short bones?

A

Enables finer, controlled movements

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4
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Protect nerve tissue and provides stability

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5
Q

Elbow joint type and
articulating bones

A

Hinge
Humerus, radius and ulna

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5
Q

Shoulder joint type and
articulating bones

A

Ball and Socket
Scapula, clavicle and humerus

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6
Q

Hip joint type and
articulating bones

A

Ball and Socket
Pelvis and femur

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7
Q

Knee joint type and
articulating bones

A

Hinge
Femur, patella , fibula and tibia

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8
Q

Ankle joint type and
articulating bones

A

Hinge
Tibia, fibula and talus

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9
Q

What are the six functions of the Skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Shape and Structure
Blood cell production
Storage of minerals

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10
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet

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11
Q

What are the 7 parts of the synovial joint?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Joint Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid
Bursae

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12
Q

What are tendons?

A

Very strong non elastic cords that join muscle to bone

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13
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Elastic fibre attaching bone to bone keeping joints stable by restricting movement

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14
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Tough, flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones preventing them from rubbing together

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15
Q

What is the joint capsule?

A

Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping, supports and holds bones together

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16
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Lining inside joint capsule that releases synovial fluid

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17
Q

What is the synovial fluid?

A

Clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the joint and stops bones from rubbing together

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18
Q

What is bursae?

A

A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint to reduce friction between TENDON and BONE

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19
Q

What are the knee joint movements?

A

Flexion and Extension

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20
Q

What are the elbow joint movements?

A

Flexion and Extension

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21
Q

What are the ankle joint movements?

A

Planter flexion and dorsi flexion

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22
Q

What are the hip joint movements?

A

Rotation, abduction and adduction

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23
Q

What are the shoulder joint movements?

A

Rotation, abduction, adduction and circumduction

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24
What is extension?
Increase in the angle of bones at a joint
25
What is flexion?
Decrease in the angle of bones at the joint
26
What is rotation?
A circular movement around a joint
27
What is plantar flexion?
Movement at the ankle joint that increases the angle by pointing of the toes
28
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement at the ankle joint that decreases the angle by flexing the foot and toes upwards
29
What are the 10 main muscles in the front of the body?
Rotator cuffs Triceps Biceps Sternocleidomastoid Pectorals Intercostal Muscles Abdominals Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior Hip Flexors
30
What are the 6 main muscles in the back of the body?
Trapezius Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Gluteal Hamstrings Gastrocnemius
31
What are the main muscles at the shoulder?
Trapezius Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Rotator cuffs Triceps Biceps Pectorals
32
What are the main muscles at the elbow?
Biceps and Triceps
33
What are the main muscles at the hip?
Gluteal and hip flexors
34
What are the main muscles at the knee?
Quadriceps and Hamstrings
35
What are the main muscles at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
36
What does the agonist muscle do?
The muscle that contracts
37
What does the antagonist muscle do?
The muscle that relaxes
38
What is the antagonistic pair at the elbow?
Biceps and triceps create flexion and extension
39
What is the antagonistic pair at the hip?
Hip flexors and gluteals create flexion and extension
40
What is the antagonistic pair at the knee?
Hamstring and quadriceps create flexion and extension
41
What is the antagonistic pair at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius creates plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
42
What is an isotonic contraction?
When the muscle changes length as it contracts resulting in limb movement
43
What is an isometric contraction?
When the muscle length stays the same length meaning there is no limb movement
44
What is gaseous exchange?
Where oxygen from the air in alveoli moves into the blood through the capillaries and where carbon-dioxide moves from the blood from the capillaries into the air in the alveoli
45
What is haemoglobin?
Protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
46
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
Chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen
47
What does alveoli do?
Maintains good concentration of carbon dioxide
48
When we inhale what happens?
Diaphragm flattens and moves down, intercostal muscles contract rising the ribs and increases chest cavity decreasing air pressure
49
When we exhale what happens?
Diaphragm becomes domed shaped, intercostal muscles relax lowering the ribs making chest cavity smaller increasing air pressure
50
What is tidal volume?
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath (increases with exercise)
51
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forced OUT after tidal volume (decreases with exercise)
52
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forced IN after tidal volume (decreases with exercise)
53
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after expiration (no change during exercise)
54
What is vital capacity?
Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired during the deepest possible expiration
55
What is the heart beat?
Number of times the heart beats per minute
56
What are the characteristics of arteries?
Thick muscular walls, small internal diameter (lumen)
56
What are the characteristics of veins?
Thinner walls with larger internal diameter (lumen) and they have valves to inhibit backflow of the blood
57
What are the characteristics of capillaries?
One cell thick walls so gaseous exchange to happen with very small internal diameter (lumen)
58
What is the pathway of the blood?
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from vena cava 2. It passes through a valve into right ventricle 3. Pulmonary artery transports the deoxygenated blood to the lungs 4. Gaseous exchange occurs, resulting in oxygenated blood 5. Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium 6. It then passes through a value to the left ventricle 7.Oxygenated blood is ejected from the heart and is transported to the body through the aorta
59
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of the lumen to restrict volume of blood travelling through it. This happens when cold or exercising so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas
60
What is vasodilation?
Widening of the lumen to increase volume of blood travelling through it. This happens when hot or during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas.
61
What is the equation for cardiac output (Q)?
Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
62
What is aerobic exercise?
Exercise in the presence of oxygen so it can be provided to the working muscles during slow pace or long periods of exercise
63
What is the equation for aerobic exercise?
Glucose + Oxygen --> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
64
What is anaerobic exercise?
Exercise in absence of oxygen during high intensity and short periods of exercise
65
What is the equation for anaerobic exercise?
Glucose --> Energy + Lactic Acid
66
What is EPOC?
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise characterised by an increased breathing rate after exercise
67
What is DOMS?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, the pain you feel in muscles the day after exercise
68
What do ice baths do?
Help the body flush lactic acid from the working muscles. It makes the blood vessels to constrict to force lactic acid out then after the ice bath the blood vessels dilate and bring oxygenated blood in
69
What are the 4 immediate effects of exercise?
Increased heart rate Increased body temperature Deeper breathing Skin will redden (turn red or blush)
70
What are the 6 short term effects of exercise?
Muscle cramps Fatigue Light headed Nauseous Muscles ache DOMS (for high intensity training)
71
What are the 6 long term effects of exercise?
Weight loss Increased muscle size and strength Improved stamina Improvements in specific components of fitness Cardiac hypotrophy (increased heart size) Decreased resting heart rate
72
What is an eccentric contraction?
When a muscle contracts and lengthens
73
What is a concentric contraction?
Where the muscle contracts and shortens

PE (6 decks)

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