Chapter 1 - Arrival

Question 1

In a water of depth less than ________ times the vessel’s draft, the marked changes in ship behavior that occur in shallow water will be apparent.

Answer 1

1,5

Question 2

In a water of depth of _____ times the vessel’s draft, the full shallow water effect will be felt.

Answer 2

1,2

Question 3

One of the maneuvers is half astern to bring the vessel dead in the water from ____ knots, leaving the rudder ____________.

Answer 3

6 / amidships

Question 4

One of the maneuvers is a series of backing maneuvers, until the vessel is dead in the water, using the rudder and engine as required to keep the ship’s head within _____degrees of her initial course.

Answer 4

10

Question 5

One of the maneuvers is backing for ______ minutes, starting with the vessel dead in the water, keeping the rudder __________.

Answer 5

10 / amidships

Question 6

One of the maneuvers is turning with the bow thruster, if fitted, to the right and left across the wind. This should be done at ____ knots and at ___ knot.

Answer 6

3 / 1

Question 7

During the turn (hard right turn at 6 knots) do not change the …

Answer 7

.. engine speed

Question 8

The depth under the keel will cause the turning diameter to increase until, in shallow water, it may be as much as ________ the diameter found for the same ship in deep water.

Answer 8

twice

Question 9

Since for practical purposes the rate of turn is about the ________ whether maneuvering in shallow or deep water, the larger area required to complete a turn is not immediately obvious to an observer.

Answer 9

same

Question 10

When handling smaller ships, the ________ diameter and __________ rate of a low speed turn to the left is apparent to the observer, as compared to the turn to the right. These differences become _______significant as ship size increases.

Answer 10

smaller / greater / less

Question 11

The backing and filling maneuver is started with the vessel ___________.

Answer 11

dead in the water

Question 12

In the backing and filling maneuver the vessel can be turned in about ________times her own length.

Answer 12

1,5

Question 13

An excessive number of engine maneuvers are required to back and fill to the ________, and in many cases the ship simply will not make the maneuver.

Answer 13

left

Question 14

There is not much point in collecting data during the ___________ maneuver, as the rate of turn and the turning diameter required to reverse the vessel’s heading are more a factor of the shiphandler’s skill than the ship’s characteristics.

Answer 14

backing and filling

Question 15

In the____________________ maneuver, while proceeding at ______knots put the engine half astern and the rudder ____________. Do nothing further except collect required data as the ship comes to a stop.

Answer 15

half astern to dead in the water / 6 / amidships

Question 16

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver, the data is most useful if the maneuver is performed when there is a minimum of outside influences and the wind is less than force ________.

Answer 16

3

Question 17

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver the ship changes heading significantly, in some cases as much as ____ to ____ degrees in shallow water and somewhat _____ in deeper water, although she does not travel a significant distance from her original track.

Answer 17

80 / 90 / less

Question 18

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver, despite the differences in ship behavior in shallow water as compared to deeper water, there is not much difference in the ____________________ required.

Answer 18

stopping distance

Question 19

The ship moving forward usually wants to ___________ into the wind once the rudder’s effectiveness is lost, and to _______ into the wind once sternway develops.

Answer 19

head up / back

Question 20

In the stop while maintaining control over heading maneuver, the ship is proceeding at 6 knots on a selected base course. The rudder is put _______ and as the ship begins to swing to________, the engine is backed. The ship loses headway while the swing left decreases in rate and finally reverses. When the bow starts swinging to _______, come ahead again with ________ rudder to check and reverse the swing.

Answer 20

left / port / right / left

Question 21

This particular maneuver, ________________________, is obviously important, since it is used to stop or reduce a ship’s speed so a tug can be made up, to shape up for docking, or any number of other important maneuvers in confined waters.

Answer 21

stopping while maintaining control over heading

Question 22

In the stop while maintaining control over heading maneuver it may be necessary to put the rudder ______________ when the engine is going astern so that the ship loses her swing to the _________ as desired.

Answer 22

amidships / left

Question 23

The possible variations in ship’s behavior make shiphandling interesting and ensure that the handling of ships will always be an _______ rather than a ___________.

Answer 23

art / science

Question 24

When the ship is _______________, put the engine half astern and back for a period of _____ minutes so good sternway develops.

Answer 24

dead in the water / 10

Question 25

Advantages of the bow thruster:

Answer 25

- Located at the extreme end of the vessel for maximum effectiveness - Available at all times, unlike a tug - Gives good lateral control without affecting headway - Saves some expenses by reducing the need for tugs

Question 25

Disadvantages of the bow thruster:

Answer 25

- Becomes ineffective as speed increases - Less powerful than a modern tug - Cannot be used to slow a ship, or hold against a current from ahead or astern - Requires continuous maintenance to ensure reliability - Unusable at very light drafts

Question 25

The thruster is most useful at speeds of _____ knots or less and should not be relied upon at higher speeds.

Answer 25

2

Question 26

It is not so much the power of the thruster that is of interest in the tests, but the __________________ at which the thruster is effective.

Answer 26

ship’s speed through the water

Question 27

The many diagrams that show the thruster being effective at speeds of ______ knots and more are a figment of some naval architect’s imagination.

Answer 27

6

Question 28

Professionalism in shiphandling entails looking for the _________________, not just a random series of maneuvers that will put the ship in a desired position using a minimum number of bells and helm orders.

Answer 28

most effective maneuver

Question 29

The most effective maneuver accomplishes several tasks _________________.

Answer 29

simultaneously

Question 30

The vibration felt throughout the ship’s hull tells you the depth of water under the keel is _______________.

Answer 30

decreasing

Question 31

Improved steering characteristics as the underkeel clearance ___________ until, in shallow water, a directionally unstable ship becomes __________ to steer and less unstable. This is true only if the ship does not squat so much _________, in which case the stabilizing effects of the shallower water are negated by the change in trim.

Answer 31

decreases / easier / forward

Question 32

When UKC decreases, the vessel twists _________ when backed.

Answer 32

more

Question 33

When UKC decreases, the trim of the ship changes, the draft increasing more at the bow or stern depending primarily on the ______________.

Answer 33

hull form

Question 34

Shallow water effects on vessel maneuvering characteristics (1):

Answer 34

- directional stability becomes more positive - rate of turn essentially the same as deep water - diameter of turning circle increases to as much as twice thet of deep water turn

Question 35

Shallow water effects on vessel maneuvering characteristics (2):

Answer 35

- speed losses occur with larges changes in heading, but to a lesser extent than in deep water - loss of headway with engine stopped less than in deep water - head falls off in the same direction, but at greater rates

Question 36

A vessel can have 3 types of directional stability:

Answer 36

- positive - negative - neutral

Question 37

A ship that tends to steady up when the rudder is put amidships has ____________directional stability.

Answer 37

positive

Question 38

If the ship swings at increasing rates of turn when the rudder is amidships she has ____________ directional stability.

Answer 38

negative

Question 39

A vessel with ___________ directional stability continues swinging at the present rate, or continues along on her current heading until external forces take charge.

Answer 39

neutral

Question 40

_________ rudder for a _________ period of time is needed to check the swing of a directionally unstable ship than is required to start that swing.

Answer 40

More / longer

Question 41

As a greater number of full-bodied ships, and especially ships with open sterns and full sections forward, are launched, the condition of ____________ directional stability becomes more common

Answer 41

negative

Question 42

Any ship significantly trimmed by the head has ____________ directional stability.

Answer 42

negative

Question 43

Full-bodied ships with large block coefficients often squat by the ____________ .

Answer 43

head

Question 44

It is apparent then that directional stability increases:

Answer 44

- as the UKC decreases - as length increases - as drag increases

Question 45

It is apparent then that directional stability decreases:

Answer 45

- as the block coefficient increases - as the beam increases for a given length - as the area of the forward sections increases relative to the area of the after sections (as the pivot point shifts ahead)

Question 46

The additional effects of specific changes in bottom contour are superimposed on these shallow water effects and cause the ship’s bow to _________ from more shallow water.

Answer 46

move away

Question 47

The ship tends to move bodily sideways ____________ a nearby shallow area as her parallel midbody passes that area. This movement is caused by the __________ in velocity of the water flowing through the restricted area between the ship and shoal and the resultant ____________ in pressure on that side of the ship.

Answer 47

toward / increase / reduction

Question 48

The stern of the ship tends to move ___________ shallower areas or banks due to the ____________ flow of water to the area behind the ship, and to the ship’s propeller on the side closer to that shallow area.

Answer 48

toward / reduced

Question 49

________________is more strongly felt than ______________ and causes a ship to sheer away from a shoal or bank. This is a significant effect that can make steering difficult as the bottom contour changes in shallow water.

Answer 49

Bank suction / bank cushion

Question 50

VLCCs remain_____________ maneuverable in shallow water and steer quite _________ with the engine turning ahead and stopped.

Answer 50

highly / well

Question 51

In fact, large ships usually steer better in ___________ water with the engine stopped than they do in __________ water. There is no need for a ship to move at excessive speed to maintain steerageway.

Answer 51

shallow / deep

Question 52

The most common methods to reduce a ship’s headway include:

Answer 52

- Using the ship’s engine astern - Slewing a vessel about a base course - Large changes in heading, including a complete round turn

Question 53

The use of the ____________ to reduce a ship’s headway is the easiest and most common method for slowing or stopping any ship. It is also often the least effective.

Answer 53

engine astern

Question 54

A preferred method for reducing headway, and with VLCCs often the most practical method, is a series of course changes to starboard and port of the base course, named ________________.

Answer 54

slewing maneuver

Question 55

Good seamanship dictates that you contact by VHF any ship that might be concerned and let her know your intentions when ____________ your ship to reduce headway.

Answer 55

slewing

Question 56

A rule of thumb is that a VLCC loses _____ to _____ percent of her headway for every ____ degree change in heading. If the ship is proceeding at 12 knots, her headway is reduced to 2 to 3 knots at the completion of a round turn, even though the engine continues to turn ahead for steerageway.

Answer 56

25 / 30 / 90

Question 57

The ship completes the round turn in about ____ times her length in deep water, or a bit less than _____ times her length in shallow water.

Answer 57

3 / 6

Question 58

The round turn maneuver is useful:

Answer 58

- When in a crossing situation at sea it is necessary to maneuver to avoid collision - To slow a ship before arrival at a pilot station - To make a lee for a pilot - To stop a ship after losing the engine

Question 59

Ships do, in fact, respond to rudders at ___________ speeds if given a chance.

Answer 59

very low