Chapter 1- Background & theories Pt.2 Flashcards
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
- Piaget was a BLANK with strong interests in how children acquire BLANK
- The nature of children’s BLANK changes as they BLANK
Fill in the blanks.
- Biologist, knowledge
- Knowledge, develop
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
- The cognitive structures that are used to understand the world
- Reflect an object in the environment and the child’s reaction to that object
What am i?
Schemas (set of schemes)
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
Two functions guide cognitive development: Define organization and adaptation
2pt
Organization: New knowledge must be merged with old knowledge
Adaptation: The survival of an organism depends on its ability to fit with the environment
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
Cognitive adaptation is promoted by: Define assimilation and accommodation
Provide an example of each.
2pt
Assimilation: Making sense of new information using existing schemes
Ex- Might assimilate that a horse is a dog because it is a four legged animal
Accommodation: Changing the existing schemes to fit with new information
Ex- Child adapts the existing schema to incorporate the knowledge that some four legged animals are horses, dogs etc
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the sensorimotor period ?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Birth through age 2
- Infant schemes are simple reflexes and knowledge reflects interactions with people and objects
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the preoperational period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 2 to 6
- Child begins to use symbols (words, numbers) to represent the world cognitively
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the concrete period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 6 to 11
- Child performs mental operations and logical problem solving
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the formal period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 12 through adulthood
- Child can use formal problem solving and higher level abstract thinking
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches:
Information-Processing Models
Cognition is a system formed of three parts, what are they?
- Sensory input
- Information processing
- Behavioural output
The Sociocultural Approach: Vygotsky’s Theory
What did Vygotsky believe?
3pts
- Individual cognitive development is a product of cultural influences
- Thinking and problem solving are tools of intellectual adaptation
- Through guided interactions with more experienced members of society, children learn problem-solving (dialectical process) which leads to internalization
The Sociocultural Approach: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
What is the Bronfenbrenner ecological approach? What are the five systems?
2pts
There are different systems that we need to understand a child, this approach looks at things from a bigger perspective, looking not only the child but their environment socially and culturally: teachers, friends, family (transactional influence)
- Proposed five systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Environmental/Learning Approaches
- Relies heavily on learning theory to explain development
- Does not invoke unseen cognitive processes to explain development
What type of psychology am I?
Behavioural psychology
Environmental/Learning Approaches
- Human behaviour is BLANK rather than inborn
- BLANK refers to a relatively BLANK change in behaviour that results from practice or experience
- Definition excludes transitory changes such as exhaustion or drug actions
- Learning is reflected in BLANK behaviour
- Learning is not due to BLANK maturation
- acquired
- learning, permanent
- observable
- biological
Environmental/Learning Approaches
B.F. Skinner
Two distinct forms of learning:
BLANK: Environmental stimuli elicit reflexive responses (salivation responses to a steak)
BLANK: The impact of voluntary behaviours on the environment
-BLANK behaviours are controlled by their effects
-Respondent
- Operant
- Operant
Types of Learning
What is habituation?
1pt
The decline of a reflex response after repeated elicitation
