Chapter 1: Basic Anatomy

Question 1

regional anatomy

Answer 1

studying body’s structure by focusing attention on specific part, area, region, examining the relationship of structures then studying adjacent structures

Question 2

surface anatomy

Answer 2

what lies under skin and what is palpable (felt) at rest + in action through physical examination

Question 3

what are the systems of systemic anatomy?

Answer 3

1. integumentary: skin + its appendages
2. skeletal: bones + cartilage
3. articular: joints + ligaments
   4: muscular: skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles
4. nervous: CNS, PNS
5. circulatory: cardiovascular+ limphatic system
6. digestive
7. endocrine
8. respiratory
9. urinary
10. genital

Question 4

clinical anatomy

Answer 4

body function and structure in the practice of medicine

Question 5

what is anatomical positioning?

Answer 5

body upright with head forward, palms facing anterior, lower limbs with feet parallel

Question 6

3 anatomical planes

Answer 6

1. transverse (axial): superior + inferior
2. sagittal: right + left
3. coronal (frontal): anterior + posterior

Question 7

what is fascia?

Answer 7

wrapping + insulating materials for deep structures

Question 8

what is deep fascia?

Answer 8

dense CT layer with no fat found below subcutaneous tissue

Question 9

what is investing fascia?

Answer 9

extensions of deep fascia like individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

Question 10

what are found in fascial compartments?

Answer 10

group of muscles with similar fx’s sharing same nerve supply with the ability to contain or spread infection or tumor

Question 11

what is an intermuscular septa?

Answer 11

thick sheets of deep fascia separating facial compartments and attaching to bones

Question 12

What is a retinaculum?

Answer 12

thickening in fascia that holds tendons in place where they cross joints during flexion + extension

Question 13

What is the subserous fascia?

Answer 13

btwn musculoskeletal walls + serous membranes lining body cavities

• endothoracic
• endoabdominal
• endopelvic fascias

Question 14

what is bursae?

Answer 14

collapsed sacs of serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid to prevent friction + allowing structure to move freely over another

Question 15

types of bursae

Answer 15

1. subcutaneous: in subcut. tissue btwn skin + bony area
2. subfascial: below deep fascia
3. subtendinous: allow movement of tendons ove bone
4. synovial tendon sheath: elongated, encloses tendons for anchoring

Question 16

bursae: visceral vs. parietal layers

Answer 16

visceral: inner layer of serous sac
parietal: outer layer of serous sac

both moistened to allow movement

Question 17

what makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 17

bones of head, neck, trunk

Question 18

what makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 18

bones of limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdle

Question 19

what is cartilage?

Answer 19

resilient avascular CT that forms parts of skeleton where flexibility is required

Question 20

what is articular cartilage

Answer 20

cartilage found where bones articulate

provides smooth gliding surfaces for movement

Question 21

how does cartilage obtain nutrients?

Answer 21

through diffusion

Question 22

what is bone? what does it do?

Answer 22

specialized CT that provide

1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. storage (salts)
5. supply of blood cells (marrow)

Question 23

what is the periosteum of bone?

Answer 23

fibrous CT covering bone that nourishes and is a place for attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 24

what is the perichondrium of bone?

Answer 24

fibrous CT covering cartilage

Question 25

what are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 25

1. compact: superficial thin layer | 2: spongy: inner layer with spicules (trabeculae)

Question 26

bones with medullary cavities contain what?

Answer 26

yelow (fatty) or red (blood and platelet forming) bone marrow or both

Question 27

how do the proportions of compact and spongy bone vary for each bone?

Answer 27

compact bone provides strength so its amount is greatest where bone bears most weight

Question 28

what is the classification of bones?

Answer 28

1. long bones: tubular 2. flat bones: protective 3. irregular bones: diff shape 4. sesamoid: found where tendons cross long bones

Question 29

where are bone markings found?

Answer 29

where tendons, ligaments, + fascias are attached or where arteries lie near bones

Question 30

bone marking: capitulum

Answer 30

small, round articular head | ex: capitulum of humerus

Question 31

bone marking: condyle

Answer 31

round, knuckle-like articular area | ex: lateral + medial femoral condyles

Question 32

bone marking: crest

Answer 32

ridge of bone | ex: iliac crest

Question 33

bone marking: epicondyle

Answer 33

eminence superior or adjacent to condyle | ex: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Question 34

bone marking: facet

Answer 34

smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where bone articulates with bone ex: superior costal facet of vertebra articulating with rib

Question 35

bone marking: foramen

Answer 35

passage through bone | ex: obturator foramen

Question 36

bone marking: fossa

Answer 36

hollow or depressed area | ex: infraspinous fossa of scalpula

Question 37

bone marking: groove

Answer 37

elongated depression | ex: radial groove of humerus

Question 38

bone marking: head

Answer 38

large, round articular end | ex: head of humerus

Question 39

bone marking: line

Answer 39

linear elevation | ex: soleal line of tibia

Question 40

bone marking: malleolus

Answer 40

rounded process | ex: lateral malleolus of fibula

Question 41

bone marking: notch

Answer 41

indentation at edge of bone | ex: greater sciatic notch

Question 42

bone marking: protuberance

Answer 42

projection of bone | ex: external occipital protuberance

Question 43

bone marking: spine

Answer 43

thorn-like process | ex: spine of scalpula

Question 44

bone marking: spinous process

Answer 44

projecting spine-like part | ex: spinous process of vertebra

Question 45

bone marking: trochanter

Answer 45

large, blunt elevation | ex: greater trochanter of femur

Question 46

bone marking: trochlea

Answer 46

spool-like articular process (pulley) | ex: trochlea of humerus

Question 47

bone marking: tubercle

Answer 47

small raised eminence | ex: greater tubercle of humerus

Question 48

bone marking: tuberosity

Answer 48

large rounded elevation | ex: ischial tuberosity