Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Behavioral Science > Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

(136 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Franz Gall

A

He developed the doctrine of phrenology. If a particular trait was well developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that tree would expand. This expansion would push the area of the skull that covered that part of the brain outward, and therefore would cause a bulge on the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

He did extirpation, also known as ablation. That is, when various parts of the brain are surgically removed, and the behavior consequences are observed. He noticed that specific parts of the brain had specific functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

William James

A

He is also known as the Founder of American psychology. He’s known for the idea of functionalism, which study how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

John Dewey

A

He believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole It functioned to adapt to the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions. He correlated pathology with specific brain regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hermann von Helmhotlz

A

He’s the 1st to measure the speed of a nerve. He linked behavior and underlying nervous system activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

He was the first to infer the existence of synapses. He thought the synaptic transmission was electrical process. But we now know it is primarily chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interneurons

A

Are found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons. They are located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to Reflexive behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reflex arcs

A

neural circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Made-up of nerve tissue and fibres outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes all 31 pairs of nerves emanating from the spinal cord, which are called spinal nerves, and 12 pairs of nerves emanating directly from the brain, called cranial nerves. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into:

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Consist of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles. Transmits information towards the central nervous system through afferent fibers. Motor impulses, In contrast, travel from the central nervous system back. To the body along efferent fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Generally regulate heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. The autonomic nervous system manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands. It regulates body temperature by activating sweating. They are automatic or independent of conscious control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into:

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

It is activated by stress. It is usually associated with rage and fury actions, and it is also known as fight or flight reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system.

A

The main role is to conserve energy. It is associated with resting and sleeping states.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of Parasympathetic nervous system.

A

constricts pupils, simulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretions and contract bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of Sympathetic nervous system.

A

Increases heart rate, increases blood glucose concentration, Relaxes the bronchi, decreases digestion, dilates the eyes to maximize light intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The brain is covered with a thick, 3 layered sheet of connective tissue called_____, it helps protect the brain by keeping it anchored with the skull

A

Meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dura mater

A

Our layer of connective tissue and is connected directly to the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layers of fibrous, web like structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
pia mater
Inner layer connected directly to the brain.
26
cerebrospinal fluid
Inner layer connected directly to the brain.
27
human brain 3 parts
hindbrain, the midbrain, the forebrain.
28
brainsteam
It is formed by the hindbrain and the midbrain. They were the brain structures that developed earlier and are the most primitive region of the brain.
29
limbic system
groups of neural strucutre primarily associated with emotion and memory. Aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain are all related to the limbic system.
30
cerebral cortex
also called neocortex because it is the most recent evolutionary development of the human brain, it is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres. It is associated with everything from language processing to problem solving, and from impulse control to long term planning.
31
forebrain
Cerebral Cortex Basal ganglia Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system
32
midbrain
Inferior and Superior colliculi
33
hindbrain
Cerebellum. Medulla oblongata. Reticular formation. Pons
34
neural tube
prenatal embryponic brain, composed of 5 total swellings in the mature neural tube (because the forebrain and hindbrain divide into 2 swealling)
35
hindbrain (rhombencephalon) controls:
balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestio, and geeneral arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. General vital fucntioning necessary for survival.
36
hindbrain (rhombencephalon) is divided into
myelecephanon (becomes the medulla oblogata) metencephalon (becomes the pons and cerebellum)
37
medulla oblogata
regulating vital functions like breathing, heart rate and digestion
38
pons
contanins sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla
39
cerebellum
helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements
40
midbrain (mesencephalon) function:
receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body
41
colliiculli
nuclei in the midbrain
42
superior colliculli
receives visual sensory input
43
inferior colliculli
receives sensory information from the auditory system
44
forebrain (prosencephalon) function:
compex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral responses, like memory and emotion
45
forebrain (prosencephalon) is divided into:
telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system) diencephalon (forms the thalamus, hypothlamus and posterior pituitary gland and pineal gland)
46
neuropsychology
study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
47
cortical maps
electrical stimulation, the patient is awake and responsive
48
electroencephalogram (EEG)
electrical activity generated by larger groups os neurons
49
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
broad patterns of neural activity based on increase blood fllow to different parts of the brain, there is an assumption that blood flow increases to regions of the brain that are engaged in cognitve fuction
50
CT (computer tomography)
multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue
51
PET (position emission tomography) scan
radioactive sugar is injected and absorved into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged
52
MRI (magnetic resonance image)
magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body
53
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance image)
uses the same base technique as MRI but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow
54
thalamus
relay station for all incoming sensory information (except smell)
55
hypothalamus
serves as homeostatic fucntions, and is a key player in emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggresiive behavior and sexual behavior. it is divided into lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypholamus (VMH) and anterior hypothalamus
56
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
hunger center, because it has special sensors that detect when the body needs more food
56
ventromedial hypholamus (VMH)
provides signals to stop eating
56
anterior hypothalamus
controls sexual behavior, also regulates sleep and body temperature
57
posterior pituitary
site of the hypothalamic hormones antidiuretic homeone (ADH) and oxytocin
57
basal glands
coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay it to the brain and spinal cord, it helps make the movements smooth and our posture steady
58
pineal gland
secrets a hormone called melatonin
59
extrapyramidal system
gathers information about body position and carries it to the central nervous system
60
basal glands disease
parkinson's disease, loss of dopaminergic neurons, resitng tremors and jerky movements
61
limbic system
group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain and is primarily associated with emotion and memory its components include: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex
62
septal nuclei
primary preasure center in the brain, association with addictive behavior
63
amygdala
structure plays a role in defensive and aggressive behavior, including fear and rage
64
hyppocampus
plays a vital role in learning and memory process, it helps consolidade information to form long-term memories
65
fornix
how the hippocamous communicates with other portions of the limbic system
66
anterograde amnesia
not being able to establish new long-term memories
67
retrograde amnesia
memory loss of vents that happened before the brain injury
68
anterior cingulate cortex
higher cognitive processes, including regualation of impulse control and decision making
69
gyri and sulci
cortex bumps and folds respectively
70
4 lobes-
temporal lobe pariental lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe
70
cerebral hemispheres
cerebrum is divided intot two halves
71
frontal lobe
comprised of the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex
72
prefrotnal cortex
manages excutive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions, to regulate attention and alertness it is a good example of association area
73
association area
area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain
74
projection area
more rudimentary perceptual and motor tasks
75
primary motor cortex
initiate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles it is an example of projection areas
76
"dominant" hemisphere
left hemisphere
76
broca's area
speech production
77
somatosensory cortex
located in the postcentral gyrus (behind the central sulcus) involved in somatosensory information processing, it is the destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temp and pain
78
pariental lobe
the central part is associated with spatial processing and manipulation, it helps one orient oneself and other objects in three-dimensional space it is composed of the somatosensory cortex
79
occipital lobe
contains the visual cortex (also called the striate cortex) it helps with visual processing and has implications in learning and motor control
80
temporal lobe
contains the auditory cortex, primary site of most sound processing, including speech, music, ..... contains Wernicke's area, associated with language reception and comprehension
81
contralaterally
one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body
81
influences in behavior other than brain regions:
chemical control, heredity and enviroment
81
ipsilaterally
one side of the brain communicates with the same side of the body
82
neurotransmitter
chemical used by neurons to sen signals to other neurons
82
nondominant hemisphere
associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition and spatial processing, it is more sensitive to the emotional tone of spoken language, and permits us to recognize other's moods based on visual and auditory cues
82
dominant hemisphere
usually the left, is primarily analytic in function, making it well-suited for managing details. Language, logic and math skills for example. Language production and language comprehension are primarily driven by the dominant hemisphere.
83
agonist
drug that mimics the actions of some neurotransmitter
84
antagonits
drugs can also act by blocking the action of a neurotransmitter
85
acetylcholine
Found in PNS and CNS. In the PHS is used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles, it is a neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic NS and a small portion of the sympathetic NS. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter. In the CNS is has been linked to attention and arousal
86
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
controls alertness and wakefulness. They are a primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system and promote a fighht-ot flight response. low levels os norepinephrine are associated with depression while high levels are associated with anxiety and mania.
86
what are the catecholamines/monoamines/biogenic amines
Dopamine, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
87
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
hormones that are associated with adrenaline
88
dopamine
role in movement and posture, high levels of dopaine in the basal ganglia which helps smooth movements imbalances in dopamine transmission have been found to play a role in schzophrenia
88
what is important about catecholamines/monoamines/biogenic amines?
role in emotions
89
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or too little.
90
serotonin
Play a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming. An oversupply of serotonin is thought to produce manic states, and undersupply is thought to produce depression.
90
serotonin
it is a monoamine or biogenic amine
91
Glycine
Serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system by increasing chloride influx into the neuron. This hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
91
GABA
Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potential, and it's thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain. It causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
91
GLutamate
It is excitatory neurotransmitter.
92
Peptide neurotransmitters are also called:
Neuromodulators or neuropeptides
93
Neuromodulators or neuropeptides
Neuromodulators are therefore relatively slow and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters.
94
endorphins
natural pain killers produced in the brain
95
hypothalamus
links the endocrine and nervous system and regulates pituitary gland
95
Endocrine System
It is an internal communication network in the body and it uses chemical messengers called hormones. It is slower than the nervous system because hormones travel to their target destinations through the bloodstream.
96
anterior pituitary
It is the master because it releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body. Is releases hormones into the bloodstream to travel to other endocrine glands. Once activated by the pituitary, a given gland manufactures and secrets its own characteristic hormone into the bloodstream.
96
adrenal glands
Are located at the top of the kidney. It is divided between the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex produces hormones called corticosteroids, which include the stress hormone cortisol. It also contributes to sexual functioning, producing testosterone and estrogen.
96
How is the control of the pituitary gland maintained by the hypothalamus?
Through endocrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.
97
gonads
They are the sex glands of the body. The ovaries in females, testes in males. They released the Sex hormones in higher concentrations. These sex hormones increase libido and contribute to mating behaviors in sexual function.
98
Innate behavior
It's genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience.
98
Learned behaviors.
Not based on heredity, but instead are based on experience and environment.
98
Adaptive value.
Extent to which a tree or behavior positively benefits the species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species, thus leading to adaptation through natural selection.
99
family studies
Rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals. Researchers may compare rates of a given trait among family members to rates of that trade among unrelated individuals. Families studies cannot distinguish shared environmental factors from shared genetic factors.
100
Concordance rates.
Refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.
100
twin studies
Comparing concordance rates for a trade between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, are better able to distinguish their relative effects of shared environments and genetics.
101
Adoption studies
Compare the similarities between biological relatives and the child who was adopted to similarities between adoptive relatives and the child.
102
Nature versus nurture.
Nature is the influence of inherited characteristics and behavior. Nurture refers to the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior.
103
reflex
Is the behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input. Infants have a number of primitive reflexes that disappear with age.
103
Critical periods.
These are specific periods in development where children are particularly susceptible to environmental factors.
104
neurulation
Occurs when the ectoderm, overlying the notochord, begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural faults. Remainder of the floral closes to format neural tube. The narrow tube has an alar plate, which differentiates into sensory neurons, and a basal plate which is the motor neuron.
105
placenta
Transmits food, oxygen, and water to defeat us while returning water and waste to the mother. A number of viruses or bacteria can cross the placenta and cause damage to the developing fetus.
106
rootign reflex
Is the automatically turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek.
106
Moro reflex
Infant react to abrupt movement of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying.
107
Babinski reflex
causes toes to spread apart automatically when the soul of the fruit is simulated
107
Gross motor skills
Movements from large muscles groups and whole body motions, such as seating, crawling, and walking.
108
Fine motor skills.
Smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, providing more specific and delicate movements.
109
Stranger anxiety.
A fear of unfamiliar individuals that developed around seven months.
110
Separation anxiety.
A fear of being separated from the parent figure develops around one year.
111
Developmental milestones.
Several abilities and behaviors that are expected to emerge at a particular time in a person's development.
112
Gross motor skills progression.
Progress in a head to toe order: Children first developing their ability to lift their head, then to stabilize the trunk, and finally to walk. Skills being developed at the core prior to extremities.
113
Social skills progression.
Move from being parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented.

Behavioral Science (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions