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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 1 - Biology & Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biology & Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

‣ Doctrine of phrenology ➡ measure bumps on skull to predict mental traits
‣ False, but prompted research on brain functions

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

‣ Studied functions of major brain parts

‣ Removed parts of the brain for animals to study the effects ➡ brain has specific functions

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3
Q

William James

A

‣ Father of American psychology

‣ Functionalism = how mind functions to help ppl adapt to envt

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

Study organisms as a whole in relation to their envt

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

‣ Observed ppl w/ brain damage to examine their behavioral deficits
‣ 1st person to show that brain impairments can be linked with specific brain lesions
‣ Broca’s area = lesion here could impair speech

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6
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

‣ 1st to measure the speed of a nerve impulse

‣ Transition of psychology ➡ natural sciences

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

‣ 1st inferred that synapses exist

‣ Thought that synaptic transmission was electrical, but we know it’s mainly a chemical process

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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

‣ Aka afferent neurons (ascend in cord towards brain)

‣ Transmit sensory info from receptors ➡ brain & spinal cord

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

‣ Aka efferent neurons (exit cord on way to rest of body)

‣ Transmit motor info from the brain & spinal cord ➡ muscles & glands

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

‣ Found btw other neurons & mainly w/in the brain & spinal cord
‣ Most abundant of 3 neuron types & usually linked to reflexes (e.g. reflex arcs)

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11
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain + spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

‣ Nerve tissue & fibers outside brain + spinal cord

‣ Connects the CNS to the rest of the body & can be separated into somatic & autonomic nervous systems

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

‣ Sensory & motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles
‣ Transmit info via afferent fibers

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

‣ Regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions
‣ Manages involuntary muscles associated w/ many internal organs
‣ Sympathetic & parasympathetic subdivisions (antagonistic)

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

‣ Conserve energy, rest & digest, Ach
‣ Resting & sleeping states ➡acts to reduce HR & constrict bronchi
‣ Manages digestion via more peristalsis & exocrine secretions

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

‣ Activated by stress, “fight or flight” response

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

‣ Neural structures mainly associated w/ emotion & memory

‣ Aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain

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18
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Associated w/ language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long-term planning

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19
Q

Hindbrain

A

‣ Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, sleeping, and waking
‣ Manages vital survival functions

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20
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates breathing, HR , and BP

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21
Q

Pons

A

Has sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla

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22
Q

Midbrain

A

‣ Gets sensory and motor info from the rest of the body

‣ Associated w/ involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

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23
Q

Forebrain

A

‣ Associated w/ complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
‣ Emotion and memory

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24
Q

Neuropsychology

A

‣ Study of functions and behaviors associated w/ specific regions of the brain
‣ METHODS = study brain lesions, electric stimulation and recording of brain activity, EEG, rCBF

25
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

‣ Studies electrical activity generated by larger groups of neurons
‣ Several electrodes are placed on the scalp, noninvasive technique

26
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

‣ Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on more blood flow to various parts of the brain
‣ Activation of region = more blood flow there
‣ Need to inhale harmless radioactive gas to be able to correlate radioactivity levels w/ regional cerebral blood flow

27
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue

28
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body & its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

29
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Uses magnetic field to interact w/ hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

30
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

‣ Uses same base technique as MRI, but measures changes associated with blood flow
‣ Good for monitoring neural activity, since more blood flow in brain regions is typically coupled w/ neuronal activation

31
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for incoming sensory info & transmits this info to cerebral cortex

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

‣ Feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning
‣ Serves many homeostasis functions
‣ Primary regulator of autonomic nervous system

33
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Coordinates muscle movement as they receive info from the cortex and relays info to brain + spinal cord

34
Q

Amygdala

A

Defensive and aggressive behaviors, including fear & rage

35
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory processes

36
Q

Frontal lobe

A

‣ 2 regions = prefrontal & motor cortex

‣ Prefrontal cortex = executive function - supervise and direct other brain regions

37
Q

Association area

A

Integrates input from diverse brain regions

38
Q

Projection area

A

Perform rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks

39
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Initiates voluntary movements via neural impulses down spinal cord toward muscles

40
Q

Parietal lobe

A

‣ Spatial processing and manipulation

‣ Touch, temperature, pain

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language reception and comprehension

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, memory processing, emotion, and language

43
Q

Acetylcholine

A

‣ Can be excitatory (skeletal muscle cells) or inhibitory (cardiac muscle cells)
‣ Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

44
Q

Catecholamines

A

‣ Epi (adrenaline) + norepi (noradrenaline) ➡ control alertness and wakefulness, fight or flight response
‣ Dopamine ➡ movement & posture
‣ Play role in experiencing emotions

45
Q

Serotonin

A

‣ Plays role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming
‣ Oversupply ➡ mania; undersupply ➡ depression

46
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

‣ Causes inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane)
‣ Stabilizes neural activity w/in brain

47
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory NT in CNS via more Cl influx into neuron (hyperpolarizes postsynaptic membrane)

48
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory NT in CNS

49
Q

Neuromodulators (aka neuropeptides)

A

‣ Relatively slow in neurotransmission
‣ Longer effects on postsynaptic cell than NT’s
‣ Endorphins = natural painkillers

50
Q

Learned behaviors

A

Not based on heredity, but on experience & envt

51
Q

Adaptive value

A

How much a trait or behavior benefits a species by influencing their evolutionary fitness

52
Q

Concordance rates

A

Likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait

53
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek (e.g. nipple during feeding)

54
Q

Moro reflex

A

‣ Extends the arms, then slowly withdraws them and cries

‣ Rxn in response to abrupt movements of the head

55
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Toes spread apart automatically when the foot’s sole is stimulated

56
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Close fingers around an object placed in the hand

57
Q

Gross motor skills

A

‣ Movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion

‣ E.g sitting, crawling, walking

58
Q

Fine motor skills

A

‣ Involve smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes
‣ More specific & delicate movement
‣ E.g. tracking motion, drawing, catching, and waving

59
Q

Parallel play

A

Children play next to each other w/o influencing each other’s behavior

Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

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