Chapter 1 BioPsych as a Neuroscience

Question 1

Define Biopsychology

Answer 1

Biology of Behavior: Biological approach to studying psychology

Question 2

Define Psychology

Answer 2

Scientific study of behavior

Question 3

Define Hebb’s Theory

Answer 3

Tried to prove that psychological function is too complex to have its roots in physiology and chemistry - Hallmark of psychological inquiry

Question 4

Define Neuroanatomy

Answer 4

Study of structure of the nervous system

Question 5

Define Neurochemistry

Answer 5

Study of Chemical bases of Neural activity

Question 6

Define Neuroendocrinology

Answer 6

Study interactions btwn nervous system and endocrine system

Question 7

Neuropathology

Answer 7

Study of Nervous system disorders

Question 8

Neuropharmacology

Answer 8

Study of the effects of drugs on neural activity

Question 9

Neurophysiology

Answer 9

Study fxn and activity of nervous system

Question 10

What are the advantages of using human subjects over nonhuman subjects

Answer 10

Humans can follow instructions better, can report subjective experiences, are cheaper, and the human brain is more intricate for study compared to animals

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of using human subjects over animal subjects

Answer 11

Cost of maintainance, besides humans most of the subjects that are used are cats, dogs, rats, primates, mice etc.

Question 12

What are the advantages of using animal subjects

Answer 12

We can better understand how human brains versus non-human brains function in terms of evolution. We can study animals with different brain sizes and cortical development. Many principles of the human brain function can be clarified through the use of animal brain study.

Question 13

Define Comparative approach

Answer 13

Studying biological process in different species for comparison. To better understand the core function between what some species do or dont have. Ethically some processes cant be done on humans so that’s when animals come handy

Question 14

What is between subject design

Answer 14

Different groups or subjects under each condition

Question 15

What is within subject design

Answer 15

Same group under each condition

Question 16

What is the independent variable

Answer 16

The variable that is chosen by the experimenter, and is different between conditions

Question 17

What is the dependent variable

Answer 17

the effect of independent variable on subjects that is measured.

Question 18

Confound variable

Answer 18

The potential variable aside from the independent variable that influences the dependent variable

Question 19

What is the Coolidge effect

Answer 19

The study of males wanting a new sex partner which wasn’t found in female subjects - Shows the importance of eliminating confound variables

Question 20

What are Quasiexperimental studies

Answer 20

Study of subjects who already have been previously exposed to conditions of interest in the real world - Not experimentally induced condition. Confounded variables can’t be controlled.

Question 21

What are case studies

Answer 21

Single cases - go more in-depth - are good sources for hypotheses. An issue is generalizability which means that most things learned from case studies are unique to the person and can’t be related exactly to other situations.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of pure research

Answer 22

Research done to find out more info for curiosity for the researcher. More vulnerable to political dynamic

Question 23

What are the characteristics of applied research

Answer 23

to bring benefit to humankind

Question 24

What is translational research

Answer 24

Serves to turn pure research into real world use

Question 25

What is physiological psychology

Answer 25

Neural mechanism of behavior through direct manipulation - recording of the brain in controlled experiments - Using lab animals Surgical - electrical methods used - Pure research

Question 26

What is psychopharmacology

Answer 26

Manipulation of neural activity and behavior through the use of drugs. - Applied research - to create therapeutic drugs / reduce drug abuse - Mainly done on lab species sometimes humans when ethical

Question 27

What is neuropsychology

Answer 27

Study psychological effects of brain damage on human patients - mainly case studies + Quasiexperiments on people with brain damage - usually on cerebral cortex because that's most likely to get damaged - Applied research - helps physicians run tests and prescribe treatment

Question 28

What is psychophysiology

Answer 28

Study btwn physiological activity and psychological activity in humans. - Non-invasive, recording process done at the surface of the brain. - Different types of recording include : 1. EEG 2. Muscle tension 3. Eye movement 4. Heart rate 5. BP 6. Pupil dilation 7. Electrical conductance os skin (Basically processes of the autonomic nervous system)

Question 29

What is cognitive psychology

Answer 29

Study the neural basis of cognition : - thoughts - memory - attention - complex perceptual process - using humans: non invasive techniques - Method - TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) - Non invasive coil position stimulates or inhibits neural activity temporarily. - FMRI - Functional brain imaging done while the participant does cognitive task

Question 30

What is comparative psychology

Answer 30

Study bio of behavior thru comparison of Dif species to understand : - genetics - Evolution - Adaptiveness of behavior Methods : 1. Study behavior In lab setting 2. Ethological study - of animals in their natural environment 3. Evolutionary psych - understanding behavior through evolutionary origins 4. Behavioral Genetics - genetics influence on behavior

Question 31

What are converging operations?

Answer 31

When Dif approaches focus on a single issue / problem and combine studies to lead to strengths of one approach compensating for another approach's weakness leading to better research

Question 32

What is the relevance of Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 32

1. Memory loss was found in alcoholic patients who were otherwise healthy 2. Found that alcoholism leads to vitamin B deficiency 3. Connected that by studying kids and rats and found that malnutrition also caused memory loss Shows the importance of converging operations

Question 33

What is the significance of scientific inference

Answer 33

Measuring things that can be observed and using that info to predict unobservable events. Neural mechanism are unobservable thus they are studied through inference.

Question 34

What are dif types of direct manipulation

Answer 34

1. Inject Chemicals to activate or deactivate part of brain 2. Stimulate / activate part of brain with electricity 3. optogenetics - using light instead of electricity for stimulation

Question 35

What is the difference between recordings and direct manipulation

Answer 35

Recordings are non invasive, they find correlation for behavior Direct manipulation can get the cause of behavior