Chapter 1 - Biopsychology as a Neuroscience

Question 1

Who did prefrontal cortex lobotomy?

Answer 1

Dr. António Egas Moniz

Question 2

What is a lobotomy?

Answer 2

A procedure that disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

Question 3

Neuroscience definition

Answer 3

The study of the nervous system

Question 4

Biopsychology definition

Answer 4

The study of brain and behavior; or textbook: the scientific study of the biology of behavior; biological approach to study of psychology

Question 5

How heavy’s the brain?

Answer 5

1.3kg

Question 6

How many neurons and neural connections are in the brain?

Answer 6

90 billion neurons, 100 trillion connections

Question 7

Human Brain’s Paradox

Answer 7

Does the human brain have the capacity to understand something as complicated as itself?

Question 8

Jimmie G. Case

Answer 8

Age 49, thinks he’s 19. Great sensory/motor/cognitive abilities, but horrible memory. “A Man Frozen In Time”.

Question 9

4 Big Themes in Textbook

Answer 9

Thinking Creatively, Clinical Implications, Evolutionary Perspective, Neuroplasticity

Question 10

2 Emerging Themes in Textbook

Answer 10

Epigenetics and Consciousness

Question 11

Origins of Biopsychology

Answer 11

1949: The Organization of Behavior by Donald Webb (made a theory of how psychology phenomena can be explained by brain activity). Eclectic approach. Young infant field

Question 12

Neurochemistry definition

Answer 12

The study of the chemical base of neural activity

Question 13

Neuropathology

Answer 13

The study of nervous system dysfunction

Question 14

Neurophysiology

Answer 14

The study of functions and activity of the nervous system

Question 15

3 Main Distinctions in Types of Research

Answer 15

Non-Human vs. Human, Experimental vs. Non-experimental, Pure vs. Applied

Question 16

Advantages of Non-Human Subjects

Answer 16

Simpler brains, comparative approach (comparing species), more ethical possibilities

Question 17

What differs between human and non-human brains?

Answer 17

Quantity rather than Quality. Size and cortical development. (evolutionarily similar with similar fundamentals)

Question 18

2 Camps of Ethics for non-human animals

Answer 18

1) Support animal research only if minimizes harm and potential benefits cannot be obtained otherwise
2) Oppose animal research because stress to animals is not outweighed by benefits

Question 19

Committees for Animal Research : 3 R’s

Answer 19

Reduction (reduce animals), Refinement (change elements in study to reduce harm), Replacement (use alternative techniques)

Question 20

Between-Subjects Design vs. Within-Subjects Design

Answer 20

Between: different groups under one condition each (more common)
Within: same group gets every condition

Question 21

What is the 1 difference between the groups called?

Answer 21

The independent variable

Question 22

Coolidge Effect

Answer 22

Done in hamsters. Copulation starts again when new female introduced. Novelty.

Question 23

Lordosis

Answer 23

The posture of female rodent in sexual reciptivity

Question 24

How did they adjust for the fatigue of males confound?

Answer 24

Made different groups where 3 males introduced

Question 25

Quasi-experimental Studies

Answer 25

No random assignment (possible confounds). Correlation. Real world conditions. Ex: 100 detoxified males vs. 50 non-drinkers, found poorer cognitive ability for detoxified males (confound = education)

Question 26

Case Studies

Answer 26

Same subject or small group. No controlling variables. Low generalizability

Question 27

Pure vs. Applied Research

Answer 27

Differs in purpose. Pure is to acquire knowledge. Applied is to bring direct benefit to humankind.

Question 28

Translational Research

Answer 28

Research that aims to use findings from pure research for applied settings

Question 29

Physiological Psychology

Answer 29

Direct manipulations to the brain to see behavior. Controlled experiments. Non-human. Pure.

Question 30

Psychopharmacology

Answer 30

Drugs effects on behavior. Similar to physiological psych (manipulating brain to see behavior). Mostly applied (therapeutic). Non-human usually first.

Question 31

Neuropsychology

Answer 31

Study psychological effects of brain dysfunction. Never controlled experiment. Most applied of subdisciplines

Question 32

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 32

Neural tissue covering cerebral hemisphere. Most likely to be damaged, so largest focus

Question 33

Mr. R Case Study

Answer 33

Car accident led to decline in grades. High IQ but low verbal and reading. Language skills affected (may be right temporal damage). Switched to architecture major (no language needed)

Question 34

Psychophysiology

Answer 34

Physiology of psychological processes (ex: schizophrenia and eye tracking). Behavior --> brain activity. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 35

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 35

nervous system division for inner environment regulation

Question 36

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 36

The neural basis of cognition. Youngest subdivision. Functional Brain Imaging.

Question 37

Cognition

Answer 37

Higher mental processes (memory, attention, etc.)

Question 38

Comparative Psychology

Answer 38

Behavior of animals in natural environments. Evolution, Genetics, and Adaptation.

Question 39

Ethological Research

Answer 39

Studies animals in natural environments

Question 40

Converging Operations

Answer 40

Use of multiple approaches to study a single issue

Question 41

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Answer 41

A neuropsychological disorder: memory loss, sensorimotor dysfunction, severe dementia

Question 42

Cause of Korsakoff's Syndrome

Answer 42

Mostly due to lack of vitamin B1. Used converging operations to find cause.

Question 43

Scientific Inference

Answer 43

Observable events are used to infer properties of unobservable events. Ex: movement of images on retina on perception of movement

Question 44

Critical Thinking

Answer 44

recognizing weakness of existing ideas and the evidence that they're based

Question 45

José Delgado and the Bull

Answer 45

Claimed to find taming center of the brain in caudate nucleus

Question 46

Problems with Jose Delgado Case

Answer 46

Stimulation could've made bull top charging for several reasons.

Question 47

Morgan's Canon

Answer 47

Simplest interpretation for behavior should be given precedence

Question 48

Moniz Case

Answer 48

Nobel in Physiology and Medicine (1949); Prefrontal lobotomy of 2 chimpanzees.

Question 49

Transorbital Lobotomy

Answer 49

insert ice-pick-like device in eyelid. Walter Freeman

Question 50

Leucotome

Answer 50

Device to cut out brain tissue

Question 51

Psychosurgery

Answer 51

Any brain surgery to treat psychological problem

Question 52

Problems with Lobotomy Cases

Answer 52

No objective effectiveness evaluation. Low sample. Later on, people showed negative effects (after 40,000 in USA).

Question 53

Howard Dully

Answer 53

wrote memoir of being lobotomized at age 12