Chapter 1. Bioregulatory System

Question 1

What are the three bioregulatory systems?

Answer 1

1. Endocrine
2. Immune
3. Nervous

Question 2

What is the mais estrogen mimic in the environment?

Answer 2

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Question 3

Nonpeptides regulators?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Dopamine (DA)
Epinephrine (E)
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 
Glutamate 
Nitric oxide (NO)
Norepinephrine (NE) 
Serotonin (5-HT)

Question 4

Hypothalamic-releasing peptides

Answer 4

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Melanotropin release-inhibiting hormone (MRIH)
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PRIH)
Somatostatin (SS or GHRIH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 5

Other neuropeptides

Answer 5

Angiotensin II (ANG-II)
Arginine vasopressine (AVP)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Brain  natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Cholecystokinin (CCKs)
Insulin
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Neuropeptide YY (PYY)
Peptide histidine insulin (PHI)
Substance P (SP)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Question 6

How are called the intracellular chemical messengers?

Answer 6

Intracrines

Question 7

Tropic hormones that target thyroid gland and their action

Answer 7

Thyrotrophin (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Synthesis and release of thyroid hormone

Question 8

Tropic hormones that target gonads and their action

Answer 8

Luteinizing hormone (lutropin, LH), androgen synthesis, progesterone synthesis and gamete release

Follicle stimulating hormone (follitropin, FSH), gamete formation and estrogen synthesis

Question 9

What tissues does growth hormone target and its function?

Answer 9

Liver, connective tissues and muscles

Synthesis of IGF and proteins

Question 10

What tissues does prolactin target and its function?

Answer 10

Mammary glands and epidydimus

Synthesis of proteins

Question 11

What tissues does corticotropin target and its function?

Answer 11

Adrenal cortex

Synthesis of corticosteroids

Question 12

What tissues does melanotropin target and its function?

Answer 12

Melanin-producing cells

Synthesis of melanin

Question 13

What tissues does thyrotropin-releasing hormone target and its function?

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary

Release TSH

Question 14

What tissues does gonadotropin-releasing hormone target and its function?

Answer 14

Anterior pituitary

Release LH/FSH

Question 15

What tissues does corticotropin-releasing hormone target and its function?

Answer 15

Anterior pituitary

Release ACTH

Question 16

What tissues does somastotin target and its function?

Answer 16

Anterior pituitary

Inhibits GH release

Question 17

What tissues does prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone target and its function?

Answer 17

Anterior pituitary

Inhibits PRL release

Question 18

What tissues does prolactin-releasing hormone target and its function?

Answer 18

Anterior pituitary

Releases PRL

Question 19

What tissues does melanotropin-release-inhibiting target and its function?

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary

Inhibits MSH release

Question 20

What tissues does melanotropin-releasing hormone target and its function?

Answer 20

Anterior pituitary

Releases MSH

Question 21

What tissues does arginine vasopressin target and its function?

Answer 21

Kidney / Water absorption

Brain/Drinking behaviour

Question 22

What tissues does oxytocin target and its function?

Answer 22

Uterus/ vas deferens

smooth muscle contraction

Question 23

What tissues does endorphins target and its function?

Answer 23

Pain neurons

Desensitizes neurons

Question 24

What tissues do thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) target and its function?

Answer 24

Most tissues

Increases metabolism; controls development and differentiation

Question 25

What tissues does calcitonin target and its function?

Answer 25

Bone Prevents resorption caused by parathyroid hormone

Question 26

What tissues does estrogen target and its function?

Answer 26

Primary and secondary sexual structures Stimulates development

Question 27

What tissues does progesterone target and its function?

Answer 27

Brain / Reproductive behavior Uterus / stimulates secretion by uterine glands

Question 28

What tissues does inhibin target and its function?

Answer 28

Anterior pituitary Blocks FSH release

Question 29

What tissues does androgens like testosterone target and its function?

Answer 29

Primary and secondary sexual structures Stimulates development and secretion

Question 30

What tissues does aldosterone target and its function?

Answer 30

Kidney Sodium reabsorption / Potassium secretion into urine

Question 31

What tissues does corticosterone target and its function?

Answer 31

Liver / muscle Conversion of protein into carbohydrates

Question 32

What tissues does epinephrine/norepinephrine target and its function?

Answer 32

Liver / muscle Glycogen breakdown into glucose

Question 33

What tissues does parathyroid hormone target and its function?

Answer 33

Bone / resorption or growth Kidney / Calcium reabsorption and phosphate secretion into urine

Question 34

What tissues does insulin target and its function?

Answer 34

Liver / Glycogen storage Muscle / Glucose uptake Adipose tissue / Inhibits fat hydrolysis

Question 35

What tissues does glucagon target and its function?

Answer 35

Liver / Glycogen breakdown | Adipose tissue / Stimulates fat hydrolysis