Chapter 1 book

Question 1

statistical learning

Answer 1

infants appear to assess statistical regularities among the sounds they hear in the speech stream around them and use these regularities to identify and learn the words of their native language.

Question 2

coarticulation

Answer 2

the phonemes overlap with one another

Question 3

communication

Answer 3

the process of sharing information among two or more persons, usually differentiated as the sender (speaker) and the re-ceiver(s) (listeners).

Question 4

communication involves four basic processes:

Answer 4

formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension.

Question 5

Formulation

Answer 5

is the process of pulling together your thoughts or ideas for sharing with another

Question 6

Transmission

Answer 6

is the process of conveying these ideas to another person, often by speaking, but alternatively by signing, gesturing, or writing.

Question 7

Reception

Answer 7

the process of receiving the information from another person,

Question 8

comprehension

Answer 8

is the process of making sense of the message.

Question 9

Symbolic communication/referential communication

Answer 9

occurs when an individual communicates about a specific entity (an object or event), and the relationship between the entity and its referent (e.g., a word) is arbitrary

Question 10

Preintentional communication

Answer 10

is communication in which other people assume the relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent.

Question 11

intentional communication

Answer 11

relatively precise in its intent and the relationship between the communicative behavior and its referent is not ar-bitrary.

Question 12

iconic communication

Answer 12

Some forms of intentional communication are very transparent (called iconic communication) because of the clear relationship between the message and its referent

Question 13

people share informa-tion for three basic purposes:

Answer 13

to request (“May I have some cake?”), to reject (“I don’t want this cake”), and to comment (“This cake is delicious”).

Question 14

oral communication.

Answer 14

The combination of speaking and listening is a common mode of commu-nication

Question 15

Model of Communication

Answer 15

(a) a sender to formulate and transmit a message, (b) a receiver to receive and comprehend the message, and (c) a shared symbolic means for communica-tion.

Question 16

Feedback

Answer 16

is information the receiver provides to the sender. In effective communication, the receiver provides continual feedback, and the sender responds to this feedback to maintain the ongoing effectiveness of the com-munication process.

Question 17

Paralinguistic feedback

Answer 17

refers to the use of pitch, loudness, and pausing, all of which are superimposed over the linguistic feedback.

Question 18

conversational repair

Answer 18

repairs of communication breakdown

Question 19

primary purpose of communication

Answer 19

is to provide and solicit information.

Question 20

Instrumental

Answer 20

Used to ask for something

Question 21

Regulatory

Answer 21

Used to give directions and to direct others

Question 22

Interactional

Answer 22

Used to interact and converse with others in a social way

Question 23

Personal

Answer 23

Used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

Question 24

Heuristic

Answer 24

Used to find out information and to inquire

Question 25

Imaginative

Answer 25

Used to tell stories and to role-play

Question 26

Informative

Answer 26

Used to provide an organized description of an event or object

Question 27

Form

Answer 27

is how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content. - phonology - morphology - syntax

Question 28

content

Answer 28

which refers to the meaning of language—the words used and the meaning behind them.

Question 29

lexicon

Answer 29

we select and organize words to express our ideas or to understand what other individuals are saying.

Question 30

Use

Answer 30

pertains to how people draw on language functionally to meet personal and social needs.

Question 31

Phonology

Answer 31

form | - refers to the rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words.

Question 32

Allophones

Answer 32

subtle variations of phonemes that occur as a result of contex-tual influences on how phonemes are produced in different words.

Question 33

phonotactics

Answer 33

each language has rules governing how sounds are organized in words,

Question 34

Morphology

Answer 34

form | - pertains to the rules of language governing the inter-nal organization of words.

Question 35

Syntax

Answer 35

from | - refers to the rules of language governing the internal organi-zation of sentences.

Question 36

semantics

Answer 36

content | - refers to the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations.

Question 37

pragmatics

Answer 37

use - the rules governing language use for social purposes, and is a synonym for the term social communication. - (a) using language for different functions or intentions (communication intentions); (b) organizing language for discourse, including conversation; and (c) knowing what to say and when and how to say it (social conventions).

Question 38

acquisition rate

Answer 38

children acquire the complexities of language at a seemingly miraculous rate:

Question 39

critical period/sensitive period

Answer 39

The years of early language acquisition, from birth to about puberty for language development,

Question 40

universality

Answer 40

suggests all persons around the world apply the same cognitive infrastructure to the task of learning language, and that this cognitive infrastructure is particularly suited to the task of developing sym-bolic representations for objects and actions

Question 41

species specificity

Answer 41

Language is strictly a human capacity

Question 42

semanticity or, alternatively, displacement.

Answer 42

Human language allows people to represent events that are decontextualized, or removed from the present—to share what happened before this moment or what may happen after this moment.

Question 43

Productivity

Answer 43

the combina-tion of a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations. humans use a relatively small number of words and with them, can create an infinite variety of new sentences, most of which no one has ever heard.

Question 44

Language difference

Answer 44

the variability among lan-guage users. children have differences in the the number of words they understand, the length of their sentences, the types of words they use, and the way they share language with other people during conver-sation.

Question 45

Dialects

Answer 45

the natural variations of a language that evolve within specific cultural or geographic boundaries.

Question 46

Bilingualism

Answer 46

many children in the United States learn a single language (monolin-gualism), others acquire two or more languages 1/5 of americans

Question 47

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 47

children acquire their two languages concur-rently

Question 48

sequential bilingualism

Answer 48

children develop one language initially, then acquire a second language later

Question 49

Gender

Answer 49

that girls have an advantage over boys in lan-guage development. Girls usually begin talking earlier than boys do and develop their vocabulary at a faster rate than boys do in the early years of life -boys are more likely to have significant difficulties with language development, or language impairment

Question 50

Language-Learning Environment

Answer 50

in which children are reared exerts consider-able influence on their language development. - characteristics of the language to which children are exposed in their promi-nent caregiving environments (home, preschool, etc.) contribute to the variability in children’s language development.

Question 51

Quantity

Answer 51

refers to the sheer amount of language a child experiences.

Question 52

Quality

Answer 52

refers to the characteristics of the language spoken in the child’s caregiving environment:

Question 53

responsiveness

Answer 53

promptness, contingency, and ap-propriateness of caregiver responses to children’s bids for communication through words or other means

Question 54

heritable language impairment

Answer 54

exhibit depressed language abil-ities, typically with no other concomitant impairment of intellect

Question 55

specific language impairment (SLI),

Answer 55

the most common type of communication impairment affecting children. 7-10% have it SLI is a heritable condition,

Question 56

intellectual disability

Answer 56

Down syn-drome, which is due to a chromosomal anomaly during the initial stages of fetal development.

Question 57

secondary language impairment

Answer 57

ASD is an umbrella term describing a variety of developmental conditions characterized by significant difficulties in social relationships and com-munication with others, and restricted and repetitive behaviors.