chapter 1 cell injury, death, adaptations

Question 1

what is the study of disease?

Answer 1

pathology

Question 2

what is the name for origin of disease or the “why”?

Answer 2

etiology- including underlying causes and modifying factors

-genetic and environmental

Question 3

what is the name for steps in development of disease or the “how”?

Answer 3

pathogenesis

it describes how etiologic factors produce cellular and molecular changes that give rise to specific functional and structural abnormalities

Question 4

what are 2 things cellular homeostasis, by maintaining a steady state, preserve?

Answer 4

viability and function

Question 5

if a cell’s ability to adapt is exceeded, what results?

Answer 5

injury

Question 6

what are the 2 types of cellular injury?

Answer 6

reversible and irreversible

Question 7

what is a phenotype?

Answer 7

obervable characteristic or trait

Question 8

maintaining different phenotypes from one to another is the result of?

Answer 8

genes + environment

Question 9

what are the 4 types of cellular adaptations?

Answer 9

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia

Question 10

irreversible injury leads to what?

Answer 10

necrosis
apoptosis

comes from prolonged or severe injury

Question 11

which cellular adaptation is described as an increase in size of cells/ organs?

Answer 11

hypertrophy

Question 12

which cellular adaptation is incapable of replication?

Answer 12

hypertropy

Question 13

hypertrophy is the result of?

Answer 13

overloading

increasing growth factors

Question 14

what is a physiologic example of hypertrophy?

Answer 14

lifting weights/ plyometrics

Question 15

what is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?

Answer 15

HBP- cardiac hypertrophy

valvular stenosis

Question 16

swelling and steatosis are also both examples of?

Answer 16

hypertrophy

Question 17

what is the definition of hyperplasia?

Answer 17

increase in NUMBER of cells

Question 18

what is hyperplasia the result of?

Answer 18

hormonal factors

compensatory factors, gene activation

Question 19

what is a physiological example of hyperplasia?

Answer 19

liver donation

female breast

Question 20

what are the possible causes of cerebral atrophy?

Answer 20

atherosclerosis
malnutrition
alzheimers
huntington’s disease

Question 21

when atrophy occurs, what happens to protein?

Answer 21

there is a DECREASE in protein synthesis and INCREASE in protein breakdown

Question 22

atrophy is the result of what 5 things?

Answer 22

immobilization
denervation
ischemia- decreased blood nutrients 
endocrine disruption
aging

Question 23

when cerebral tissue atrophies, what happens to the gyri and sulci?

Answer 23

gyri narrow

sulci widen

Question 24

what are the consequences of metaplasia?

Answer 24

when structure alters, function decreases

there is a risk for malignant malformation

Question 25

what are the mechanisms of cellular injury?

Answer 25

``` depletion of ATP mitochondrial damage influx of calcium oxidative stress defects in membrane permeability DNA and protein damage ```

Question 26

hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, mitochondrial damage and toxins are all things that cause what type of cellular injury?

Answer 26

depletion of ATP

Question 27

hypoxia, toxins, irradiation are all examples of problems that can cause what type of cellular injury?

Answer 27

mitochondrial damage

Question 28

ischemia and toxins both cause what type of cellular injury?

Answer 28

influx of calcium

Question 29

with a depletion of ATP what process is also decreased?

Answer 29

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 30

with a depletion of ATP there are also other effects, name 3?

Answer 30

increase in anaerobic glycolysis- lactic acid build up, pH prob decreased brain function- glycolysis ATP-dependent Na and Ca pumps leading to excess Na and Ca

Question 31

mitochondrial damage- a type of cellular injury- leads to what?

Answer 31

decreased ATP increased ROS activate apoptosis

Question 32

an influx of calcium increases several enzymes which have damaging effects as well as?

Answer 32

increase in capsases which leads to apoptosis

Question 33

ischemia reperfusion injury is what type of cellular injury?

Answer 33

oxidative stress

Question 34

oxidative stress leads to what 3 problems?

Answer 34

cellular aging inflammation ischemia-reperfusion injury

Question 35

accumulation of ROS leads to?

Answer 35

oxidative stress

Question 36

ischemia, toxins, physical trauma and complement activation can all lead to?

Answer 36

defects in membrane permeability

Question 37

defects in membrane permeability lead to what?

Answer 37

decreased phospholipid synthesis increased phospholipid breakdown cytoskeleton abnormalities mitochondrial, plasma and lysosomal membrane damage necrosis

Question 38

severe oxidative stress, irridation, abnormal protein folding all lead to?

Answer 38

DNA and protein damage

Question 39

when cell injury gets all the way to DNA and protein damage, what changes?

Answer 39

it becomes irreversible and irreparable stimulates apoptosis

Question 40

intracellular accumulations happen?

Answer 40

within aged or injured cells- inside cytoplasm, organelles or nucleus