Chapter 1: Cell Structure

Question 1

Magnification Calculation

Answer 1

Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size.

Question 2

Eyepiece Graticule

Answer 2

An eyepiece graticule is used with a stage micrometer to make precise measurements in microscopy, using units such as mm, µm, and nm.

Question 3

Resolution

Answer 3

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close objects as separate. It is higher in electron microscopy compared to light microscopy.

Question 4

Magnification

Answer 4

Magnification is the ratio of the size of the image to the actual size of the specimen.

Question 5

Cell Surface Membrane

Answer 5

A selectively permeable barrier surrounding the cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances.

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

Contains the genetic material (DNA) and is the control center for cell activities.

Question 7

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 7

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing pores for transport.

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

A dense region within the nucleus where ribosome synthesis occurs.

Question 9

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 9

Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Question 10

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 10

Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Question 11

Golgi Body

Answer 11

Involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion.

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production and contains small circular DNA.

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

Sites of protein synthesis; 80S in the cytoplasm, 70S in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Question 14

Lysosomes

Answer 14

Organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials.

Question 15

Centrioles

Answer 15

Involved in cell division and the organization of microtubules.

Question 16

Microtubules

Answer 16

Cytoskeletal components that provide structural support and transport within cells.

Question 17

Cilia

Answer 17

Hair-like structures that aid in movement and the transport of substances across the cell surface.

Question 18

Microvilli

Answer 18

Small finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

Question 19

Chloroplasts

Answer 19

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells; contains small circular DNA.

Question 20

Cell Wall

Answer 20

Rigid outer layer of plant cells providing structure and support.

Question 21

Plasmodesmata

Answer 21

Microscopic channels in the cell wall allowing transport and communication between plant cells.

Question 22

Large Permanent Vacuole

Answer 22

Storage organelle in plant cells, maintaining turgor pressure; surrounded by tonoplast.

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

Adenosine triphosphate; energy currency of the cell used for energy-requiring processes.

Question 24

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 24

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; generally 1–5 µm in diameter.

Question 25

Peptidoglycan Cell Walls

Answer 25

Structural component of prokaryotic cell walls, providing rigidity.

Question 26

Circular DNA

Answer 26

DNA structure found in prokaryotic cells, allowing for replication and gene expression.

Question 27

Ribosomes in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Answer 27

70S Ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells; smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes (80S).

Question 28

Non-cellular Viruses

Answer 28

Structures with a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid; may have a phospholipid envelope.